The Hysteria Of Salem Witch Trials - 871 Words

A Lie Gone Awry The question on the table is, what caused the hysteria of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. This is a question that has been debated about for centuries. Some think that witchcraft was very much alive in Salem although others believe that the first girls who were accusing the witches were crazy and making up stories. In this paper I am going to prove to you my point which is: the hysteria about the Salem Witch Trials in 1692 was due to a small lie or prank that went bad. The girls who started the Salem Witch Trials were just crazy. Although I am not necessarily sure whether the girls were blatantly being crazy or if they had some sort of mental illness where they legitimately believed what they were saying. These girls sparked the flame of fear in the Puritan community. â€Å"Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live.† Exodus 22:18. The Puritans’ reliance on the bible is undisputable. They took the word of God literally and very strictly. If God had told them so blatantly as to how they should not let witches live, then so be it, the witches must die. The Puritans would do anything to make God’s word the truth so if God had it written that witches must not live then the Puritans, being the semi-bible-brainwashed beings they were would hold to that proclamation as if it were truth. Because of the long history of Puritans doing as God says is engraved in the core of their humanity that God is right and they must do whatever they can to please and uphold his wishes.Show MoreRelatedThe Hysteria Of The Salem Witch Trials1463 Words   |  6 PagesAmong these issues, is the hysteria of the Salem Witch Trials that prosecuted women to be found worshippers of the devil. The Puritans found the necessity to exercise this crusade in order to stay by their moral codes of conformity which included witchcraft to be the greatest crime, punishable by death. However, the true reasons of the trials was not to simply follow their religious constitutions. It is mainly in part from corruption of religion and how some had used the trials as a form of personalRead MoreSalem Witch Hysteria And Trials1620 Words   |  7 PagesSalem Witch Hysteria and Trials Joshua Furman History 121: Early America to the Civil War Dr. Phillip Hamilton November 18, 2015  The Salem Witch Trial consisted of heinous accusations implicated by Cotton Mather which effected society as a hole and gave reasoning to the numerous amount of witch stories we hear today. Cotton Mather was the eldest son of Increase Mather, Massachusetts most influential and well known Puritan minister, and the grandson of John Cotton, Salem’s spiritualRead MoreSalem Witch Trials : The Witch Trial Hysteria920 Words   |  4 PagesSalem Witch Trial Hysteria In 1692 the actions of three girls quickly launched Salem onto the path of committing one of the largest witch hunts the New World has ever known. The witch hunt was fueled by a mass hysteria among the townspeople, this hysteria was the result of the strictness of their society and a number of internal and external stressors. The initial wave of panic when rumors of witchcraft arose gave way to compete hysteria when accusations began. Salem massachusetts was the perfectRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trial Hysteria1196 Words   |  5 PagesXochitl Neri Erick Felix In 1692-1693, the Salem Witch Trial Hysteria occurred, resulting in 20 deaths out of the 200 accused of practicing the Devil’s magic, a practice that women were commonly accused of. Salem, Massachusetts, was a colony that consisted of Puritans, both Separatists and non Separatists alike. From the start, the Puritans believed that the Bible was true in all aspects: every word, every idea, every thought--was true. The Puritans also had minimal understanding of science, whichRead MoreThe Hysteria Of The Salem Witch Trials1366 Words   |  6 PagesWalter Kirn, an American novelist and literary critic, stated that ‘‘Everyone loves a witch hunt as long as it’s someone else’s witch being hunted.’’ (Web. Walter Kirn Quote) Although the Salem Witch Trials took place over 300 years ago, in 1692, and we claim that we have come a long way since then, the truth is we have not. The hysteria that took place during the witch trials occurred because peo ple refused to take responsibility for their actions. The same thing is happening in modern day AmericaRead MoreThe Hysteria Of Salem Witch Trials Essay1753 Words   |  8 PagesIn 1692, a town in Massachusetts by the name of Salem Village found itself in one of the most well-known cases of mass hysteria. This saga started with three girls Elizabeth Parris, Abigail Williams, and Ann Putnam a neighborhood friend. Abigail Williams, the niece of the town’s minister, began to display weird and questionable behavior. The town’s physician William Greggs, was called to determine the cause of this sporadic behavior. The town’s physician determine that the three girls were underRead MoreSalem Witch Trial Hysteria Essay818 Words   |  4 PagesTwenty people were put to death for witchcraft in Salem during the 1692 Salem Witch Trial Hysteria. In The Crucible, a woman, Elizabeth Proctor, gets accused of witchcraft by a young girl by the name Abigail Williams, who just so happens to be having an affair with Elizabeth’s husband, John. Once John finds out Abigail accused his wife, he starts trying to find proof that all of these young girls are pretending that they are being hurt by these older women, just so that they will be hanged. The officialsRead MoreThe Mass Hysteria Of Salem Witch Trials Essay2129 Words   |  9 PagesMassachusetts community called Salem. It ended less than a year later, but not before the hanging of 20 men and women, including an elderly man who was crushed to death. The hysteria spread quickly, involving the most educated men and prominent politicians in Salem. Aside from suffrage, the Salem witch trials represent the only moment when women played a central role in American history. There are many theories as to what caused the mass hysteria of the Salem witch trials and the bewitchment of severalRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trial Hysteria Of 1692879 Words   |  4 PagesThe Salem Witch Trial hysteria of 1692 caused 2 0 people to be hung or pressed to death and 4 perished in jail. In addition, 200 people in Salem were accused of being witches. On June 10 of 1692, Bridget Bishop was charged with practicing witchcraft and she was also accused of bewitching her husband to death. The result of her not confessing was that she was hung to her death. All of this frenzy started in the house of Samuel Parris. His daughters were consumed by the bizarre tales told by their IndianRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials : An Outbreak Of Hysteria1794 Words   |  8 PagesIn 1692, Salem village in Massachusetts saw an outbreak of hysteria, most commonly known today as the Salem witch trials. Over a period of several months, more than 200 people found themselves facing suspicions from those around them of witchcraft, with 19 executed, 14 arrested and many others who pleaded guilty pardoned but made social outcasts. Typically, the majority of those living in Salem were Puritans, who regarded all other activity excluding common Puritan practice as sinful distractions

Truman s President Was Extremely Significant During The...

Harry S Truman President was extremely significant during the years 1945-1953 and after succeeding Roosevelt in 1945, faced a huge task in attempting to rebuild post war Europe. His impact on international relations was key as he bridged the gap between the end of WW2 and the beginning of the Cold War. Despite becoming aware of the Nuclear weapon at Potsdam, it was not until Truman announced that he was going to use it on the Japanese did the fight for balance of power intensify. The Berlin Airlift, The Truman Doctrine and The Marshall plan can all be seen as milestones as they placed America on a pedestal in terms of international relations, however the impact was not as great as the bombs. This would agree that Truman’s most significant was the decision to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki. One way in which Truman asserted significance on international relations was at Potsdam, as he used it as an indicator to show he was looking to ‘get tough’ with the Russians, especially after Stalin had arrested the non-communist leader of Poland. Truman learned of the testing of the Atomic bomb and no longer needed Russian aid against the Japanese. Churchill spoke on that day (22nd July) of his behaviour at the meeting claiming â€Å"When he got to the meeting after having read this report he was a changed man. He told the Russians just where they got on and off and generally bossed the whole meeting.† Churchill has seen how both Roosevelt dealt with the Russian’s and Truman’s new approach, forShow MoreRelatedKorean War : The Cold War1598 Words   |  7 Pageshad already seen two appallingly destructive and costly World wars, just as the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States broke due to their ideological differences after World War II, in the midst of the Cold War was the Korean War. The Korean War began on June 25, 1950 when the North Korean People’s Army poured across the 38th parallel, a border between South and North Korea, to attack South Korea. The size of the war quickly grew as it began to involve countries like China, SovietRead MoreBuilding An Atomic Bomb Of The United States Entered Into World War II1507 Words   |  7 Pages Manhattan Project Nuclear research all started when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, and the United States entered into World War II. When the United States realized that Germany attempted to build an atomic bomb, Americans began to concentrate on their research about creating an atomic bomb more heavily. President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the Manhattan Project, which included a group of top scientists, under General Leslie R. Groves, who worked around the clock to try to develop an atomicRead MoreThe Manhattan Project And The Creation Of The Atomic Bomb1522 Words   |  7 Pagesmorning hours of July 16, 1945, the first ever nuclear explosion took place in Alamogordo, New Mexico. The explosion was the first test of the most destructive weapon ever known to man and was the result of almost six years of research and development by some of the world’s top scientists. This endeavor was known as the Manhattan Project. Less than a month after the test, which was known as Trinity, the United States dropped two nuclear bombs on Japan, three days apart, which forced the JapaneseRead MoreThe Cold War Was Inevitable Or Not?1624 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction To gain a full understanding of the Cold War, the knowledge of the why it started, an in depth analysis of what both sides contributed to make the Cold War what was and knowing whether the Cold War was inevitable or not is necessary. There were many different actions that both of the two major superpowers, the US and the USSR took that started the Cold War. I believe that the Cold War was inevitable because of the difference in ideologies between the US and the USSR, and the largeRead MoreThe 1940’s as The Most Influencing Decade in the United States1237 Words   |  5 Pagesother that twenties were the Golden Age or 1990’s were the most influencing but there is no clear and nationwide agreement in that case. In fact, according to different authors and publishers there was no year that actually resolved all problems in the United States. From some people’s point of view, however, it is not a matter of which decade end all problems but rather a matter of whic h decade influenced the most areas of Americans’ lives. Although 1940’s have not resolved all America’s problems, thoseRead MoreThe Origins Of The Cold War2356 Words   |  10 PagesHI742/HI747- The Cold War, 1941-1991 How Important were individual figures in the origins of the Cold War? The Cold War refers to a period post World War II characterised by a state of political tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States both supported by their allies from the Eastern and Western blocs respectively. Despite this being such a pivotal point in modern history there is a lack of clarity stemming from much debate regarding the catalyst for the Cold War and the ‘start’Read MoreThe Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb On Hiroshima3031 Words   |  13 PagesThe dropping of the Atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6th, 1945 and Nagasaki on August 9th, 1945 was the first and last time the weapon has been used to date; the atomic explosions exposed the true potential of nuclear warfare whilst also highlighting the global superiority that America possessed at the conclusion of World War II. On August 6th, 1945 â€Å"Little Boy†, a uranium atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima in an effort by the United States (U.S.) and backed by the Soviet Union, the British andRead MoreThe Munich Agreement1276 Words   |  5 Pages1938, Germans living in the border areas of Czechoslovakia (the Sudetenland) started to demand a union with Germany but the Czechs refused. Hitler threatened war. On 30 September, the Munich Pact was signed and Britain and France gave the Sudetenland to Germany, without asking Czechoslovakia. Hitler, however, did much more than he was allowed to. In March 1939, the Germans occupied the whole of Czechoslovakia and no one stopped them to do so. Hitler’s Invasion of Poland Hitler, used toRead MoreWar Is A Very Traffic And Devastating Event That Not Only1637 Words   |  7 PagesWar is a very traffic and devastating event that not only affects those directly involved with the fight but also the rest of the population sitting and waiting back in their homes. The idea of war such as the Cold War being associated with Dr.Suess s, The Butter Battle Book, should not be the focus of a children s book. People like Joseph Stalin and events such as the creation of missiles and bombs and the cuban missile crisis played a significant role in the Cold War. Joseph Stalin was a powerfulRead MoreTaking a Look at the Cold War1243 Words   |  5 Pages The Cold war The cold war began in 1945 and last till 1990.It involved many nation but the two main opponents were the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The cold war was a conventional power struggle between the two greatest military powers of the age . However; the Cold War was a struggle for world influence between two ways of life. The conflict in ideologies between capitalism and communism resulted in one of the greatest conflicts of the twentieth century ². The ideology

Attitudes in Employee Relationship †Free Samples to Samples

Question: Discuss about the Attitudes in Employee Relationship. Answer: Introduction: Organizational behavior is the investigation which is concerned with the effects of the organizational structure on the behavior of the individual within the business corporation. The study also enables to observe the organizations through various perceptions which include various behaviors within the organizational structure and also that of the other business entities (Kashyap 2017). The organizational behavior has been segmented in two empirical divisions .i.e. macro and micro organizational behavior. Micro behavior refers to individual and group dynamics, whereas, macro refers to the whole organization and also the industries which also includes the adoption of the strategies, structures and the contingencies which guide this behavior. The performance of an individual within the business entity has been observed to be made dependent on the bonds developed with the colleagues and the subordinates within the organization (Managementstudyguide 2017). A friendly connection between the employees is of very much essential for a smooth and easy in the discussion on the issues and conflicts if any. As no individual has a potential to perform alone. One of the main roles which are played by attitude is to enhance the relationship among the individuals. Positivity towards life and work is developed by a positive attitude. An individual who possesses a set of professional communication skills, or a high level of intelligence in working and if the positive attitude is absent then the impression wont be that good (Nag 2012). The other individuals will be reluctant to speak and there will be chances of raising conflicts and issues. A negative attitude will be coming-up as the reason of several issues among the employees within t he organizational structure. A negative attitude tends the individual to be reluctant and this will be proven problematic as it will portray bad image if-front of the superiors. This will lead the leaders or the superiors to lose trust in the individual. Moreover, the attitudes have a great impact on the job satisfaction and performance level of an individual. Positivity in the attitude will make the employee accept all the tasks which are allotted by the superiors (intern.internship-uk 2015). This will enable the individual to perform the task and which will enhance the productivity and efficiency. Accepting the allotted task will portray a positive image in-front of the superiors; this will be proven beneficial for the individual as the superior can offer some rewards or incentives against the positive behavior. This in-turn will make the employee work with more dedication and interest, which will automatically enhance the performance bar and also the individual will be feeling satisfied with the job. Job satisfaction and performance level of an individual are linked to each other and also have impacts on each other (Pinder, 2014). Job satisfaction is connected to the productivity of an employee as greater the satisfaction the grea ter will be the dedication and which in-turn will reflect a high level of productivity. Also, a higher level of job satisfaction will lead the employees to perform their tasks with interest and which will decrease absenteeism. The satisfied employees are less likely to quit and this will tend the organization to apprise the employees who have retained and are performing well. A positive attitude of an employee aids the individual and business entity in attaining the goals and targets (Miner, 2015). A satisfied and well-performing employee will be providing positive and desired outcomes to a firm, for instance, a dedicated employee will be always into providing the best quality of services and higher productivity and which will lead to a higher level of satisfaction of customers. Moreover, the individuals who have positive attitude will also tend to behave politely with the customers which will also enhance the satisfaction level of employees and also they are less likely to turn-ove r, which will aid in establishing long-term bonds with the customers and which will also result in customer satisfaction (Wagner and Hollenbeck, 2014). Positivity in the attitude also leads to several aids which will be served to the individual and organization. Work leads to pressure and stress and positive attitude towards work can be considered as the remedy of busting the stress level. Positive thinking proved beneficial in reducing stress, this will enable the employees to be healthy and this will minimize the absenteeism which automatically enhances the productivity of the individuals and also of the organization. In case of the groups or teams, the attitude of an employee plays a great role as it will influence the productivity and performance level of the team (Luthans, Luthans and Luthans, 2015). The team works on the sense of coordination, trust and other factors which are based on the feel of working together. An individual performing in a team is totally connected to the other team mates and the performance level of the individual will reflect in the performance charts of that employee. Moreover, when the individual is working in a group based task then he is supposed to work in a coordinated sense and should have trust on each other and this all will be made possible by positivity in the behavior. A positive attitude of the individual in a team will make the other employees comfortable and they will also try to indulge in the activities which are not a team task (DuBrin, 2013). A positive attitude will tend the other team mates to help and work in coordination. This all will bring enhan cement to the performance level of the team as a whole. Human resource has been considered as one of the most empirical assets of the business entity and also the attitude and behavior of an individual have several impacts on the business organization. A positive attitude will tend the individual to work with more dedication and interest which enhances the productivity and performance on the individual basis (Altman, Valenzi and Hodgetts, 2013). This performance level of an employee is added to the performance and productivity of the organization. Moreover, polite nature of the individual will be aiding the business entity in solving the queries of the customers in a positive and polite way which increases the satisfaction level of the customers. This will also aid in developing and establishing strong bonds and relations with the clients (Usman et al., 2015). Due to this, the customers will have an increase in the sense of trust and confidence about the brand and the same will be reflected in an increase in the sales and goodwill. The po lite nature and positive behavior of an individual within the business entity will develop a positive image of the organization in the market which will be proven beneficial for the firm in many ways., for instance, a positive image will develop the brand equity and which will increase the confidence level of investors and as a result the business corporation will not have ace the financial crisis and also the business entity (Robbins and Judge, 2013). In the limelight of the above-executed analysis, it has been concluded that human resource is one of the most significant assets of the business organization. There are varied factors which are considered as very much liable in stimulating the success and growth of the business entity. The attitude of an individual is one of the empirical factors which play a crucial role in stimulating the success and growth of the individual, a group and also that of the organization. There is a number of areas on which the impact of the attitude of the individual has been observed from the above essay. The above-presented essay has been made focusing on the significance of the attitude of the individual in relation to the individual, groups, and organization. References Altman, S., Valenzi, E. and Hodgetts, R.M., 2013.Organizational behavior: Theory and practice. Elsevier. DuBrin, A.J., 2013.Fundamentals of organizational behavior: An applied perspective. Elsevier. intern.internship-uk, 2015, Attitude and behavior at work, Assessed on 29th August 2017, https://intern.internship-uk.com/attitude-and-behaviour-at-work/. Kashyap, D, 2017, Organizational behavior: Definition characteristics and nature, Assessed on 29th August 2017, https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/organization/organizational-behaviour/organizational-behaviour-definition-characteristics-and-nature/63741/. Luthans, F., Luthans, B.C. and Luthans, K.W., 2015.Organizational behavior: An evidence-based approach. IAP. Managementstudyguide, 2017, Role of attitudes in employee relationship, Assessed on 29th August 2017, https://www.managementstudyguide.com/role-of-attitude-in-employee-relationship.htm. Miner, J.B., 2015.Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Nag, A, 2012, Significance of positive attitude in the workplace, Assessed onn29th August 2017, https://blog.commlabindia.com/elearning-design/positive-attitude-at-workplace. Pinder, C.C., 2014.Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Robbins, S.P. and Judge, T.A., 2013.Organizational Behavior Global. Pearson. Usman, M., Shahzad, K., Roberts, K.W. and Zafar, M.A., 2015. The Effect of Job Insecurity on Attitude towards Change and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Moderating Role of Isl?mic Work Ethics.Journal of Islamic Business and Management Vol,5(1), p.70. Wagner III, J.A. and Hollenbeck, J.R., 2014.Organizational behavior: Securing competitive advantage. Routledge.

Strategic Analysis and Evaluation of Ryan Air Essay Example

Strategic Analysis and Evaluation of Ryan Air Essay Comprehensive strategic analysis and evaluation of this business enterprise which answers the following questions 1. In-depth environmental analysis of the European Airline industry and discuss the implications for the budget sector and especially for Ryanair. 2. An integrated understanding of the functioning of a company – its human and technical operations, leadership, customer relationships and financial structure. 3. Implications of the internal functioning to create viable strategic positioning and discuss any changes to Ryanair’s approach to ensure an improved sustainability 4. Evaluate the strategic leadership style of Michael O’Leary Chloe Butler BUT02048210 BSc Multimedia Technology Business Development V Assignment 2 John Denholm Table of Contents i. Title Page ii. Table of Contents I. Introduction II. Current strategic position II. 1 II. 2 II. 3 III. Functioning III. 1 III. 2 III. 3 III. 4 III. 5 III. 6 SWOT Analysis Human and Technical Operations Customer Relationships Financial Structure Leadership Implications on strategic positioning Market Segmentation Prescriptive, Emergent or something unique Competitive Advantages IV. Environmental analysis V. Recommendations V. 1 VI. Conclusion VII. References VIII. Bibliography IX. Appendices IX. 1 IX. 2 Appendix A – PEST Analysis, Haberberg and Rieple (2001) Appendix B – Selected responses to survey on no-frills airlines – Changes to ensure sustainability Haberberg and Rieple (2001) IX. 3 Appendix C – Excerpt concerning Ryanair’s dispute with the EU Commission IX. 4 Appendix D – Financial Information I. Introduction Ryanair is an Irish airline competing in the fairly recent development of the European budget airline industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Analysis and Evaluation of Ryan Air specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Analysis and Evaluation of Ryan Air specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Analysis and Evaluation of Ryan Air specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They are one of the key players within the market, and perhaps the most profitable. This report undertakes a detailed study of Ryanair. It looks at Ryanair’s current strategy and the management of that strategy. It identifies how the business’ operations and functions impacts on the carrier’s customer relations and leaderships with regard to their overall strategy. It also gives a brief evaluation of Ryanair’s financial structure as well as an environmental analysis of the European airline industry and how this affects Ryanair. The report is mainly a case study analysis based on Eleanor O’Higgins’ review of Ryanair conducted in 2004. However, other secondary research has been analysed and used to support the arguments put forward in this document. II. Current strategic position To evaluate any organisations strategic position certain factors have to be assessed. These include those below and also the environmental analysis which follows later in the report. II. 1 Market Segmentation Ryanair lay claim to their market segment by stating they were ‘Europe’s first no frills airline’, www. yanair. com. Ryanair have made strategic decisions based on increasing their competitive edge, the main one becoming involved in attracting customers at both ends of their routes. Haberberg and Rieple (2001), support this by showing that Ryanair’s key source of revenue from as far back as a decade ago has been in enticing passengers from France, Italy and Scandinavia. This has had the a dvantage of increasing their market share as well as the added bonus of creating a well recognised brand name across Europe. II. 2 Prescriptive, Emergent or something unique? ‘A prescriptive corporate strategy is one where the objective has been defined in advance and the main elements have been developed before the strategy commences†¦. an emergent corporate strategy is one whose final objective is unclear and whose elements are developed during the course of its life, as the strategy proceeds’. Lynch (2000) As is shown above by Lynch (2000) the two recognised trategy models are extremely different, however these are the two dominant strategy approaches as stated by Dennis Foster in his lecture on Managing Strategic Change (2006). It is safe to recognise straight away that Ryanair does not sit uniformly with either strategy. However certain aspects or functions could certainly adhere to one or the other as these are sections that make up the carrier as a whole and for an organisation of Ryanair’s size different parts would have different aims and objectives underneath a main umbre lla strategy for the organisation. For example any planning undertaken by Ryanair for new routes or planes would follow the prescriptive model as the objective would have been defined beforehand and elements such as finance will have had to have been agreed before any purchasing goes ahead. On the other hand emergent strategies may be in place for things like training and development where elements can be discovered along the way for example if an issue arose where staff needed more health and safety training then the training programme could be redirected. Ryanair, as already stated, follows neither strategic approach religiously and possesses a strategy unique to their organisation, which has identified their needs and objectives. However their approach to strategic management isn’t unique in itself as the majority of organisations will tailor strategies to suit their business’ own individuality. II. 3 Competitive Advantages Their main competitors are carriers including easyJet, BMI baby, FlyBe and ThomsonFly all of who try to attract potential customers by emphasising their low cost tickets. This makes the competition in this market segment fierce as in order to offer the lowest fares, costs must also be kept to a minimum. The well discussed fact that Ryanair possesses a more than favourable relationship with airport operators has benefited the carrier in a time of industry growth and aggressive pricing. The carrier continues to pay little or no costs despite being the focus of the EU Commission in February 2004, ‘which ruled that Ryanair had been receiving illegal state subsidies for its base airport at publicly-owned Charleroi Airport’, O’Higgins (2004), see Appendix C for full details of the controversial dispute. Ryanair and the airport in question defended themselves by declaring they paid a fee for every customer and therefore complied with the EU state aid rules. O’Higgins (2004) claims that Michael O’Leary’s main argument was that the ‘state aid rules allow the Wallonian government to stimulate traffic at an unused airport facility in exactly the same way that every private airport reduces its charges it if wishes to grow its business’. However, although these decisions by the EU Commission went against Ryanair, it also made them even more of a household name across the EU. The free publicity was an added bonus, as well as the position Ryanair took, of being almost a saviour of the lesser known airports, bringing them trade and tourism and then being persecuted for it. III. Functioning A business’ functions and internal resources can be considered extremely important to an organisation. When running smoothly they ensure business operations are kept on an even keel. If any aspect is disrupted or an issue arises then the whole value chain can come apart. This section firstly provides a SWOT analysis of the company, giving a brief overview of the company then looks at some of Ryanair’s most important functions or business areas and how they might influence or affect strategic decisions III. 1 SWOT Analysis Factor Strengths Ways which factor applies to RyanAir Marketing – strong branding and reputation, aggressive price strategy. Low costing due to airport operator deals. Reputation as biggest budget airline. Lots of publicity due to O’Leary and controversial issues. Cash tied up in purchase of new planes. Entire company based on European low cost airline market. Shock profit warnings may have used cash reserves and weakened fiscal structure Refusal to back down over issues such as EU Commission Possible new routes, New planes = larger capacity. Advertising space on website and planes, more revenue Competitors – BMI baby, Easyjet, ThomsonFly. Economic recession would mean less disposable income. EU Commission could put restrictions on company if do not adhere to state aid rules Weaknesses Opportunities Threats III. Human and Technical Operations Human resources can be considered one of the most important functions of a business. The vast majority of organisations all employ staff and Ryanair is no exception especially due to their size. When the carrier was established over twenty years ago they only had fifty one members of staff on their payroll. Their staff total for last year was 2,288, www. ryanair. com. With this amount of staff they have to ensure that, in order to have operations like call centres and cabin crews running smoothly, they keep their staff happy and motivated. They do this by offering incentives and a share option scheme which allows employees to participate in the success of the company overall. Ryanair’s technical operations should mainly revolve around their aircraft as this is the core of their business. In February of last year they announced an order placed with Boeng for 70 firm aircraft as well as 70 options, www. ryanair. com. This means that between now and 2012 Ryanair will have 225 firm aircraft and options for another 220, allowing them to grow to over 70 million passengers per year. Due to this excellent deal negotiated by the carrier their growing amount of aircraft will not add huge amounts to depreciation costs as they will be depreciated over 23 years. Ryanair has always owned instead of leasing its aircraft but they plan to have a third of their fleet leased in the long term. O’Higgins (2004) argues that ‘owning rather than leasing allows maintenance costs to be capitalised on the balance sheet rather than be reflected in the variable costs’. Technical operations have to run smoothly for obvious reasons, if a plane scheduled to make a flight for technical problems, for example, then this will impact n all of Ryanair’s operations and functions and also cause disharmony amongst their passengers, possibly costing them future ticket sales. III. 3 Customer Relationships In 1999 Mintel published a report on passengers’ attitude to no frills airlines. Haberberg and Rieple (2001) have summarised this in the table found in Appendix B. This shows that passengers are willing to dispense with the usual levels of airline service and considering it has been seven years since the mentioned Mintel report, the industry has shown it is viable, has staying power and it can be said, has enjoyed a boom period due to it’s growth. Ryanair constantly offers its passengers the lowest fares in Europe, www. ryanair. com, but has developed its current no frills policy in order to keep costs to a minimum and therefore be in a position to provide cheap seats. However sometimes their no frills policy does backfire. Recently customers have claimed that the destinations offered by Ryanair are misleading as they fly to the regional airports near to the destination city advertised which can sometimes be miles away. O’Higgins (2004) reports that in ‘December 2003, the Advertising Standards Authority rebuked Ryanair and upheld a misleading advertising complaint against Ryanair for attaching ‘Lyon’ to its advertisements for offers on flights to St Etienne’. Ryanair maintains that their advertising is not misleading as Lyon is printed underneath St Etienne, however this still caused one passenger to turn up at Lyon airport only to find that her Ryanair flight left from St Etienne some 75 kilometres away. Ryanair choose to fly to the regional airports rather than the larger national airports due to the favourable cost terms they receive although they argue it is this fact which helps to keep their fares low and also has the added bonus of being less congested therefore helping their flight punctuality. Ryanair were also targeted in 2004 for charging one passenger for the use of a wheelchair. Although they argued strenuously that it was the airport’s responsibility to provide help for disabled passengers they still lost the court case brought against them and had to pay â‚ ¬2,400 in compensation. This situation worsened when Ryanair retaliated by levying 70c on all flights leaving from the four airports who do not provide free disability equipment. Things were brought to a head however later in the year when Ryanair made a group of blind and partially sighted passengers disembark their flight stating that they were not allowed to carry more than four passengers at a time. Although Ryanair insisted their disability policy exists for safety reasons, Watchdog reported at the time that no other British airline has a maximum amount of blind people they can carry, www. bc. co. uk. All this bad publicity has not helped Ryanair’s brand name but it does not seem to have affected sales figures as ultimately customers are looking for the cheapest way of travelling. Although Ryanair should remember that whilst their no frills, low budget policy has made them highly successful, they also need to keep the majority of their customers satisfied otherwise they could be setting themselv es up for a large fall from grace. III. 4 Financial Structure Since restyling the business into a budget airline, Ryanair have consistently increased in profitability. O’Higgins (2004) reports that in 2003 Chairman David Bonderman ‘pointed out what an awful year it had been for the airline industry, what with war in Iraq, and an outbreak of SARS’. Despite this Ryanair announced increased profitability, making it their 13th year of consecutive rising profits. Other factors which played parts in Ryanair’s fiscal success, as discussed by O’Higgins (2004), were: Net margin increase of 24 per cent Staff efficiency ratio up by 15 per cent Market capitalisation had grown from â‚ ¬397m in 1997 to â‚ ¬4. 3bn by 1 July 2003 Profitability seen to be unique among airlines worldwide However in 2004 they received a sharp shock when after announcing a shock profits warning and they became the second worst performer in the FTSE Eurotop 300 index up to the end of April. On top of this O’Higgins’ (2004) states that ‘O’Leary predicted that the company’s 2004 profits would decline by 10 per cent ’ therefore ending their profitable run. More recently Ryanair have enjoyed profitability once more, as shown in Appendix C, the main point being a rise in net profit last year of 18 per cent. III. 5 Leadership Ryanair’s fight for survival in the early 1990’s saw them bring in a new management team, headed up by Michael O’Leary. The success of the carrier’s restyle into a no frills airline has made him a very wealthy man, having sold shares off every year since the company was floated has earned him in the region of â‚ ¬200m but still left him with a 5. 4per cent stake, making him the largest shareholder, O’Higgins (2004). Despite the airlines huge success with Michael O’leary at the helm, he himself has come under scrutiny, resulting n both praise and criticism for both himself as a leader and his management style. O’Higgins (2004) argues that it is his publicity seeking antics which have earned him a high profile but also his outspokenness which has brought him into the public eye. This is true as O’Leary makes sure he is personally involved with the publicised events concerning Ryanair, such as the EU Commission investigations. So much so that the EU Commissioner for Belgium has described the airline chief in the Irish Times as ‘irritating’ and ‘arrogant’, Creaton (2004). O’Higgins (2004) supports this by declaring ‘he is called everything from arrogant pig to messiah’. She also discusses that ‘present and former staff have praised O’Leary’s leadership style, and in an interview with the Financial Times Magazine Tim Jeans argues that ‘Michael’s genius is his ability to motivate and energise people’ and goes on to state that the airline is ‘without peer’, Bowley (2003). This last statement is debatable however as it is O’Leary who is consistently hitting the headlines and not the rest of the management team or staff. O’Higgins also supports this point, stating ‘Ryanair is inextricably identified with its dynamic chief executive. He is credited with single-handedly transforming European air transport’. Although it should be noted that O’Leary himself disagrees with this last part declaring ‘I am not Herb Kelleher (the legendary founder of the original budget airline, Southwest Airlines in the US). He was a genius and I am not’, Bowley (2003). Finlay (2000) discusses the three main characteristics of leaders, outlined below. They must have a strongly held vision They must be able to communicate that vision They must be able to convert the vision into reality When O’Leary took over at Ryanair his vision was very clear, to model the carrier on Southwest airlines and create Europe’s first no frills carrier. As far as external communication is concerned it is well recognised that Ryanair was one of, if not the first, budget airline in Europe. Internally, Tim Jeans revealed ‘there is an incredible energy in that place. People work very hard and get a lot out of it’, Bowley (2003). Certainly the vision has turned into a reality as Ryanair has grown and the ‘public’s insatiable appetite for bargain getaways has continued to deliver record profits at Europe’s biggest no frills airline’, Davey (2006). While O’Leary possesses Finlay’s (2000) characteristics for a leader, his leadership style does not fit rigidly into a type. The below diagram, adapted from Cook et al (1977) shows the types of leaders Finlay (2000) believes to be the more dominant styles. TASK RELATED ORIENTATION LOW PEOPLE RELATED ORIENTATION LOW HIGH Laissez-Faire Human Relations HIGH Autocratic Enrolling The majority of O’Leary’s leadership style sits within the enrolling section. Ryanair is highly task orientated, concentrating on tasks such as cost cutting, aircraft acquisition and route development. They are also highly people orientated, both with customers and their staff. However, because of Michael O’Leary’s public status his leadership style varies slightly from this model. If Tim Jeans is to be believed in his interview, Bowley (2003), then he should be almost revered. On the other hand he manages to aggravate important people who could have the ability to affect Ryanair’s profits negatively. To add to this it has been discussed whether Ryanair should replace O’Leary as their CEO, McManus (2003). As Ryanair were recently pulled back from the brink of a shock profits warning perhaps it would be fair to give O’Leary the benefit of the doubt and concede that, for now, his leadership style seems to be working. However Ryanair should be wary of the fact that he does not seem to enjoy smooth sailing. O’Higgins (2004) states that when the shock profit warning was announced O’Leary was ‘irrepressible’ and declared ‘this is the most fun you can have without taking your clothes off. It is much more fun when the world is falling apart then when things are boring and going well’, Creaton (2004). While this may just be a glib statement to rebuff negative press, it could be a characteristic of the man himself, in which case could well be interpreted into his management of the company. III. 6 Implications on strategic positioning As already discussed, any part of Ryanair’s internal operations and functioning will affect the company as a whole if not running smoothly. Dennis Foster (2006) stated in his lecture on Managing Strategic Change that change is a ‘people based process’. This means that both staff and customers will have implications on Ryanair’s strategic positioning and any changes they make to it. As supported in the leadership section of the report there is a good working atmosphere and relationship between O’Leary and his employees. This will not particularly impact on Ryanair’s strategic positioning as at the moment it seems to be running smoothly, however the carrier should be aware of factors such as health and safety, equal opportunities and trade unions to ensure they are a fair employer and do not deter potential employees. Customer relationships are also generally good, with the company aiming to grow to 70 million passengers per year in a few years time, they should seek to nurture existing customers and their relationship with Ryanair flights in order not to let their position slip. Cavendish (2006) argues that ‘Ryanair’s revenues last year apparently included almost two million flights that were booked by passengers who never showed up’. While this is good for Ryanair from a financial point of view, it does not reflect will on them from a customer relations aspect and could affect their position and strategy. Ryanair’s recent trouble profit wise certainly would have had implications on their strategic positioning as they would have had to re-evaluate their strategy and fiscal management. This was obviously done well as a year on from their shock profit warning and they had turned it around. However they should be wary of something similar happening again and make allowances in their strategy to intercept this and hopefully divert any more major trouble. Ryanair are well positioned strategy wise at the moment. They are currently Europe’s biggest no frills, budget airline with big plans for expansion. They need to stay aware of any changes that may affect them and possibly give them cause to redirect their strategy and this can be achieved by keeping a close eye on their business environment. However, as long as the market demand stays high and they continue to keep their costs and therefore their ticket prices low, then with their current strategy, business outlook and leader there is no reason for them not to flourish. IV. Environmental analysis When the airlines were first deregulated it was believed they faced various strategic pressures as stated by Lynch (2000). These included airline closures, major profit falls and new competitive pressures. However, although these aspects may have affected long standing airlines such as British Airways, it also created a gap in the market which Ryanair took full advantage of. Wheelen and Hinger (1993) support this by discussing how many airlines abandoned the smaller communities to focus on the larger markets which in turn opened opportunities for new commuters, these mainly being budget customers. O’Higgins (2004) agrees and states that Ryanair’s ‘fight to survive in the early 1990’s saw the airline restyle itself to become Europe’s first low fares, no frills carrier, built on the model of Southwest Airlines, the highly successful Texas based operator’. Haberberg and Rieple (2001) also determine that part of Ryanair’s success was being ‘established at a time not only of a period of prolonged growth in its home market but also when discontent with high fares and limited or non-existent competition was increasing’. They also attribute some of Ryanair’s growth and profits to the Irish economy. As Ryanair is an Irish airline they took advantage of being based in Europe’s fastest growing economy at that time. Haberberg and Rieple (2001) argue that this benefited Ryanair as the ‘airline industry has traditionally been sensitive to economic growth cycles’. To look specifically at Ryanair’s business environment in more depth a PEST analysis was conducted in order to evaluate the following environmental factors affecting the carrier. These are: Political Economical Social Technological This analysis was based on Haberberg and Rieple’s (2001) view of this process for evaluating business environments, see Appendix A. Factor Political Ways which factor might affect RyanAir Change of government/policy Ryanair have been involved in various legal disputes with governments both in this country and the EU regarding their business deals with airports and airline regulatory bodies Political changes in countries where they have routes to (could also be affected by above point) Governments in countries they fly to may support their own flagship carrier Local councils objecting to noise and new runways being built as in past Governments looking to increase tourism might welcome Ryanair and therefore act in their favour. Potential economic recession, Ireland’s economy has already been stated as growing however this may suddenly change. Because of above main customers wouldn’t fly for business as would be cost cutting Energy and fuel costs are cause of uncertainty Economic change within countries they fly to or would hope to open new routes to, for example war with Iraq has shut off any hope of tourism there for the foreseeable future and other factors such as SARS (O’Higgins, 2004) and more recently, Bird Flu. Because of economic growth at the moment it has become normal to fly away for holidays therefore market has expanded and new opportunities for tourism have opened in previously unconsidered countries. Business trips, although Ryanair do not offer luxury they are possibly more attractive because less cost to a company means they can travel more frequently. Lower costs means attract a wider demographic of consumer Main threat to business market is video conferencing To a lesser extent VOIP Online check-in, self service check in at airport O’Higgins, (2004) discusses that Ryanair currently have a fleet of mainly Boeng 737s which are one of the best known and used commercial aircraft. ‘Thus, the company is able to obtain spares and maintenance services on favourable terms thanks to economies of scale, limit costs of staff training and offer flexibility in scheduling aircraft and crew assignments’. Economic Social Technological V. Recommendations V. 1 Changes to ensure sustainability Davey (2006) declared at the start of this year that ‘figures released yesterday show that (Ryanair’s) formula is continuing to work’. This is directed at Ryanair’s aim to keep fares low, mainly by not introducing fuel surcharges. Actions like this, which were of course highly publicised, ensure Ryanair is constantly attracting customers. Part of Ryanair’s success is made possible by the fact they are such a lean company, both in the way they operate and the services they offer. O’Higgins (2004) claims that when the carrier dropped their cargo services, although they were going to be losing â‚ ¬500,000 of revenue a year, they decreased the turnaround time of their aircraft from 30 minutes to 25 minutes to attract more business travellers who required the punctuality. Innovativeness like this has ensured Ryanair’s sustainability and will carry them forward into the future. To recommend any major changes would be to predict how the airline industry will change which ultimately cannot be foreseen. However it has been concluded that the budget airline will continue enjoying its boom, with many passengers now enjoying the short breaks away at a low price. Also the advent of new routes will bring more custom, from both departure points. If there was to be a drop in demand Ryanair would certainly suffer and subtle shifts in their strategy could be appropriate. For example offering drinks vouchers onboard for the customer’s next Ryanair flight might entice more people back, or making alliances with hotel groups in order to offer a complete package, rather than just selling advertising space on their website. Ryanair should also pay attention to the technological changes happening in their industry, such as online check in; this could save them out sourcing check in staff at their airports which would enable them to cut their costs down. VI. Conclusion On the whole Ryanair seem to be following a strategy which works for them. They are obviously aware of their business environment and understand the importance of monitoring it as they took advantage of the opening in the market when they restyled themselves over a decade ago. However they need to be aware that this environment is constantly shifting and evolving and therefore maintaining a close eye on it and being ready to adapt to any changes should be a fundamental part of their strategy. Davey (2006) sums up Ryanair’s current position and future opportunities succinctly by stating ‘at 16 times forward earnings, the share price does not look too demanding given that this is a genuine growth story. It will take some time before the wings of this â€Å"Tesco of the skies† are clipped’. VII. References www. bbc. co. uk Bowley, Graham, ‘How low can you go? ’ Financial Times Magazine, no. , 21 June 2003 Cavendish, Camilla, ‘A policy that pretends we can all fly on the cheap is a policy that won’t fly’, The Times, 5 January 2006 Creaton, Siobhan, ‘Turbulent times for Ryanair’s high-flier’, Irish Times, 31 January 2004 Davey, Jenny, ‘Ryanair has earned its wings – inv estors should set autopilot’, The Times, 6 January 2006 Finlay, Paul (2000), Strategic Management. An Introduction to Business and Corporate Strategy. Pearson Education. ISBN 0 201 39827 3 Haberberg, Adrian Rieple, Alison (2001), The Strategic Management of Organisations. Pearson Education Ltd, ISBN 0 130 21971 1 Lynch, Richard (2000), Corporate Strategy 2nd Ed. Pearson Education Ltd, ISBN 0273-64303-7 McManus, John, ‘Maybe it’s time for Ryanair to jettison O’Leary’, Irish Times, 11 August 2003 O’Higgins, Eleanor, (2004), Ryanair www. ryanair. com http://web. tic. ac. uk/staff/fosterd Wheelen, Thomas L Hinger, David, J (1993), Cases in Strategic Management 4th Ed. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc. ISBN 0-201-568659 VIII. Bibliography Mintzberg et al (2003), The Strategy Process, Concepts, Contexts and Cases. Pearson Education Ltd. ISBN 0-273-65120X Morden, Tony (1999), An Introduction to Business Strategy 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-709451-4 Stacey, Ralph D (2000), Strategic Management and Organisational Dynamics. Pearson Education Ltd. ISBN 0-273-64212-X Thompson, John L (1990), Strategic Management, Awareness Change. Chapman Hall. ISBN 0-412-37500-1 IX. Appendices IX. 1 Appendix A – PEST Analysis, Haberberg and Rieple (2001) Analysing the macro-environment Political Political and legal factors encompass actions by local and national administration and political parties, and by international bodies such as the European Commission, the UN and the World Trade Organisation. Economic Consumer spending power is a major factor in the prosperity of any industry. In most developed and a number of developing countries, personal disposable income has been steadily increasing for the past three decades. Social Consumer tastes ultimately determine where demand is directed. Sometimes these tastes are manifested in what consumers themselves actually buy. In other cases they are expressed through voting, lobbying and other political processes, which influence the decisions of politicians and civil servants. Technological Many major transformations in the ways firms compete can be traced to technological change. Sometimes these changes span the boundaries of many industries and trigger changes in society itself. IX. 2 Appendix B – Selected responses to survey on no-frills airlines – Haberberg and Rieple (2001), (source: No frills/low cost airlines, Mintel (February 1999)) All (%) Not bothered about the lack of in-flight 34 Experienced nofrill travel (%) 55 Intend to travel on no-frill (%) 66 atering Would not fly long haul on a no-frills carrier Good that no travel agent is required No ticket to worry about If a no-frills airline flew to my destination, I would consider it first 29 19 16 37 35 22 40 46 29 21 34 49 IX. 3 Appendix C – Excerpt concerning Ryanair’s dispute with the EU Commission, O’Higgins (2004) The subject of the EU decision was based on non-discrimination legislation preventing airports from offering differential deals to different airli ne operators, and by an embargo on state subsidies to airlines. Incited by Ryanair rivals such as Air France, Virgin Express and easyJet, Ryanair’s deals with regional airports had caught the eye of the EU Transport Commissioner, Loyola de Palacio. An EU investigation was launched in late 2002 as to whether Ryanair had been in receipt of illegal state subsidies since its year 2000 establishment of a base at Charleroi. Apparently, the EU Commission had been shocked by alleged offers of a 50 per cent landing fee discount to â‚ ¬1 per landing passenger and an even larger handling fee discount to â‚ ¬1 instead of â‚ ¬8 to â‚ ¬13 charged to other airlines, pushing the fee below cost. The airport also provided a contribution of â‚ ¬4 per passenger for promotional activities for 15 years. This was on top of initial incentives of â‚ ¬1. 92m for opening new routes, â‚ ¬768,000 in reimbursements for pilot training and â‚ ¬250,000 for hotel acc