New Products Adoption in the Contemporary Market Essay

New Products Adoption in the Contemporary Market - Essay Example Due to such separation, a bifurcation has been seen during the time spent purchaser conduct related hypothetical turn of events. Albeit helpful to instruct and arranging, as per the creator, such uniqueness has forestalled the advancement of hypothetical structures that go about as conventional to the two types of purchaser conduct. Albeit customarily shoppers are recognized from associations especially if there should be an occurrence of purchasing conduct because of the verifiable getting that while the purchaser as an individual chief will in general be offbeat and receptive to abrupt explosions of mindlessness, associations don't and proficient hierarchical conduct will undoubtedly be sound as it is the aftereffect of joint dynamic within the sight of imperatives like set targets and needs which forestall nonsensical and liberal decisions, the creator contends against such qualifications bringing up the individual purchaser in spite of the fact that doesn't need to submit to limitations looked by proficient associations, needs to settle on decisions continually being obliged by being a piece of another association †society. The separation is couldn't help contradicting by scrutinizing the supposition that equivalent people act distinctively under associations that are relevantly unique, one being an exp ert association while the other is the general public the individual is implanted in. It is set that hypothetical improvement is to be determined if purchaser conduct is concentrated without separating among customers and associations. That disregarding shoppers and associations showing various inspirations and examples in purchasing on occasion there are noteworthy covers which lead to upgraded discernments with respect to the need of improvement of a general hypothetical structure that can explain the distinctions of purchasing rehearses which are seen in various relevant settings.

The Rules of Engagement in English

The Rules of Engagement in English The Rules of Engagement in English The Rules of Engagement in English By Mark Nichol Around the same time, this site got, among readers’ reactions to my ongoing post Courtesy Titles and Honorifics, two assorted email messages: One was a sensible, elegantly composed help of the writer’s sentiment that, as she was instructed, on the grounds that the politeness title Ms. is a fake assignment that doesn’t condense anything, it ought exclude a period. The other reporter composed, â€Å"hey keep an eye out your site seems as though a standard book, and we as a whole realize rule books are fascist.† Regardless of whether one’s feelings are skilled or preposterous, be that as it may, one must acknowledge the indisputable reality that albeit one is allowed to write in any style or way one picks, this decision has results. Semantic turmoil is hostile to language, by prudence of the way that language, as a type of correspondence, is basic to family, to society, to human progress. Similarly as keeping rules of individual and network lead (the last stretching out in scope from the littlest town to the United Nations) secures the delicate concurrence of people, clinging to rules for language utilize empower in any event sizeable coalitions of humankind to concede to regular signs for participation (or struggle). Language advances, continually and steadily, yet statutes and mentalities about it win for a period before they gradually react to changes in utilization. Along these lines, for instance, however one of the journalists I alluded to above is right that the period following Ms. isn't consistently supported and that therefore, right on time in the term’s life range, numerous scholars overlooked the accentuation it is currently standard, for consistency, to treat Ms. equivalent to Mr. what's more, Mrs. One’s sexual orientation and sex governmental issues are unimportant: Those are the realities, ma’am er, ms. Do you compose just for delight, or to impart your considerations and thoughts to a little cadre of perusers? Do you independently publish, regardless of whether in print or on the web? Take yourself out you are thusly conceded an administration to write in any style that satisfies you and any individual who decides to peruse your work. You are similar to a homesteader or a survivalist, marking out your own territory on your own terms and tolerating the terms that go with those terms. However, on the off chance that your expectation is to recognize yourself as an expert author or if your business status is predicated on the way that your composing is comprehensible to your partners and maybe even reliable with conveyed rules certain principles apply, and your capacity to cling to those gauges is inseparably connected to your expert achievement or endurance. In the event that that’s extremist, at that point I gladly speak to the New World Order. I don’t intend to get all genuine on you. I regard the point about the unpunctuated Ms., and for all I know, the remark about the â€Å"rule book† might be a goof. In any case, the two remarks motivate this tip: When it comes to structure, let your free oddity banner fly. In any case, on the off chance that you present the banner to be spread out on a profoundly obvious flagpole, anticipate that it should be overhauled to suit that flagpole or to be refolded and deferentially returned for you to do with what you wish. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the General class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:Regarding Re:How to Play HQ Words: Cheats, Tips and TricksTypes of Plots

23 Of The Best Divorce Books For Healing, Support, And Guidance

23 Of The Best Divorce Books For Healing, Support, And Guidance Youve done therapy, youve (hopefully) talked about your feelings together. Your relationship is over, one way or another, and theres only one thing left to deal with: your marriage. Amicable or not, youll need to cut those ties that bind before you get  on with living your best life. For that, youll need some sage advice from the best divorce books out there. Heres a reading list to get you started. (Afterward, head over and check out our best feminist divorcée reads!) Most of the divorce literature out there seems to be geared toward women. Furthermore, it appears to be dominated by white authors writing to the concerns of white communities. While I only found a few authors of color writing about this topic, I hope there are more. I included those that I could find on this list. Likewise, theres almost nothing current about LGBTQ divorce. Im going to go ahead and assume that its just because were so blamed awesome. Otherwise, it means that same-sex marriage hasnt been legal long enough to spawn a niche rainbow divorce industry. These books are all geared toward adults whose relationship has dissolved, is dissolving, or really ought to dissolve. If you need to talk to kids about divorce, we have a reading list for that, too. Teens might want to read on their own. Weve got that covered, too. Divorce Books With Guidance and Advice 1. The African-American Guide to Divorce Drama: Breaking Up Without Breaking Down  by Lester L. Barclay The author of this book is a matrimonial lawyer. He covers the particular considerations of divorce in the Black community, including social, familial, personal, and legal aspects. 2. The Breakup Bible: The Smart Womans Guide to Healing from a Breakup or Divorce  by Rachel Sussman This book, authored by a mental health counselor, provides you with resources for moving past your divorce emotionally. That said, it also touches upon topics like co-parenting with your ex in an emotionally healthy way. Its most helpful if you were the dumpee rather than the dumper. 3. Conscious Uncoupling: 5 Steps to Living Happily Even After  by Katherine Woodward Thomas A lot of books about emotionally handling divorce focus on women. Not this book! There are pearls of wisdom here for everybody. Its particularly good at helping you identify your relationship patterns. Like our previous book, this one stresses the well-being of any children that you and your ex might have together. 4. Fair Share Divorce for Women: The Definitive Guide to Creating a Winning Solution  by Kathleen A. Miller Lets face it: your divorce is going to get financially sticky. This book contains some solid advice from a CPA who knows her way around a settlement. As the title suggests, this book is most relevant to women. 5. Getting Past Your Breakup: How to Turn a Devastating Loss into the Best Thing That Ever Happened to You by Susan J. Elliott If youve ever been in a breakup before, then you already know how hard it is to stop texting, calling, and otherwise contacting the person in whose life you were intimately entangled. If youre struggling to detach, Susan Elliot might have some good advice for you. 6. Its Called A Breakup Because Its Broken: The Smart Girls Break-Up Buddy by Greg Behrendt and Amiira Ruotola The author of Hes Just Not That Into You and his wife want you to throw that pity party. Feel your feelings! Then, seek clarity about your relationship and its true relationship to your happiness. Not everything needs to be fixed. Theres some tough love here, but funny anecdotes take the sting out. 7. Sacred Cows: The Truth About Divorce and Marriage by Danielle Teller and Astro Teller There are a lot of myths about divorce out there. The Tellers, a married pair themselves, explode a lot of them in this book. A playful tone lightens the heavy subject matter somewhat. 8. Splitting: Protecting Yourself While Divorcing Someone with Borderline or Narcissistic Personality Disorder  by Randi Kreger and Bill Eddy Whether or not your ex has been formally diagnosed, this book has some good advice for breaking up with high-conflict people. If you worry about your spouses reaction to a divorce request, this might be a good book to review before you broach the subject. 9. The Storms Cant Hurt the Sky: The Buddhist Path through Divorce by Gabriel Cohen Mixing memoir with advice, this is a unique guide to spiritual balance during tough times. Bonus: Cohen recommends several other useful books about Buddhism for readers who want to explore further. 10. Too Good to Leave, Too Bad to Stay: A Step-by-Step Guide to Help You Decide Whether to Stay In or Get Out of Your Relationship by Mira Kirschenbaum Its not unusual to teeter on the brink of divorce, sometimes for years. If this is your situation, do yourself the favor of reading this book. Its a neutral tool for relationship assessment, but can give you the validation you need to make a decision if youre wavering. 11. Uncoupling: How to Survive and Thrive After Breakup and Divorce by Sara Davison Heres a book that will normalize the many challenges of divorce for people who are feeling unsure about whats normal. Davison is a life coach who draws in part upon her own divorce for reference. Divorce Books About Parenting 12. Parenting through Divorce: Helping Your Children Thrive During and After the Split  by Lisa Rene Reynolds, PhD There are a few reactions that you can probably expect from your kids when you announce your divorce. The object of this book is to prepare you to handle those in a healthy way. 13. A Parents Guide to Divorce: How to Raise Happy, Resilient Kids Through Turbulent Times  by Karen Becker Addressing the needs of all age groups, this book is particularly good at addressing specifics. For example, it gives good tips about handling holidays. 14. Talking to Children About Divorce: A Parents Guide to Healthy Communication at Each Stage of Divorce by Jean McBride Any parent who is in the process of divorcing needs to be ready to field questions and head off misconceptions that their kids might or might not voice. A lot of the communication advice in this book could also apply to other difficult conversations. Divorce Memoirs 15. Aftermath: On Marriage and Separation by Rachel Cusk Cusk struggled when her marriage of ten years fell apart. She presents herself with all of her flaws intact in this memoir of divorce and motherhood. 16. A Beautiful, Terrible Thing by Jen Waite Upon discovering that her husband has been massively unfaithful, Waite embarks upon the difficult process of emotionally recovering and escaping from her marriage. 17. Falling Apart in One Piece: One Optimists Journey Through the Hell of Divorce by Stacy Morrison Morrisons husband walked out when she least expected it, leaving her with a new house, a new baby, and a new perspective on life. 18. Happens Every Day: An All-Too-True Story  by Isabel Gillies With candid honesty, Gillies discusses the sacrifices she made for a marriage that quickly fell apart. This book avoids self-pity in favor of mindful positivity. 19. How Divorce Became My Deliverance, edited by Elona Washington This collection of essays by divorced Black women offers a positive long view on separation. Its an encouraging collection edited by a prominent publisher and guest blogger for Huffpost. 20. How to Sleep Alone in a King-Size Bed: A Memoir of Starting Over by Theo Pauline Nestor Divorce pushed Nestor out of her stable middle-class existence and into single motherhood. After throwing out her gambling-addicted husband, she finds the way forward by exploring her familys past, while keeping her children foremost in her mind. 21. I Am Nujood, Age 10 And Divorced by Nujood Ali Nujoods experience departs significantly from the others on this list. A child bride to an abuser in Yemen, she obtained her freedom after a heartbreaking struggle. 22. Split: A Memoir Of Divorce by Suzanne Finnamore Ignoring signs of her husbands infidelity didnt save Finnamores marriage. However, moving on from her subsequent divorce did make her a stronger person. 23. Were Still Family: What Grown Children Have to Say About Their Parents Divorce  by Constance Ahrons The specter of ruined childhood haunts many divorcees, but it might not be entirely valid. This collection of short essays by the children of divorce suggests not only that positive outcomes are possible, but that kids can join their parents in moving through divorce resiliently. Hit the comments to share your picks for the best divorce books.

Geographical and Historical Overview of Poland

Poland is a country located in central Europe to the east of Germany. It lies along the Baltic Sea and today has a growing economy centered on industry and the service sector. Fast Facts: Poland Official Name: Republic of PolandCapital: WarsawPopulation: 38,420,687 (2018)Official Language: PolishCurrency: Zlotych (PLN)Form of Government: Parliamentary republicClimate: Temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowersTotal Area: 120,728 square miles (312,685 square kilometers)Highest Point: Rysy at 8,199 feet (2,499 meters)  Lowest Point: near Raczki Elblaskie at -6.6 feet (-2 meters) History of Poland The first people to inhabit Poland were the Polanie from southern Europe in the seventh and eighth centuries. In the 10th century, Poland became Catholic. Shortly thereafter, Poland was invaded by Prussia and became divided. Poland remained divided among many different peoples until the 14th century. At this time it grew due to a union by marriage with Lithuania in 1386. This created a strong Polish-Lithuanian state. Poland maintained this unification until the 1700s when Russia, Prussia, and Austria again divided the country several times. By the 19th century, however, the Polish had a revolt due to the foreign control of the country and in 1918, Poland became an independent nation after World War I. In 1919, Ignace Paderewski became Polands first prime minister. During World War II, Poland was attacked by Germany and Russia and in 1941 it was taken over by Germany. During Germanys occupation of Poland, much of its culture was destroyed and there were mass executions of its Jewish citizens. In 1944, the government of Poland was replaced with the communist Polish Committee of National Liberation by the Soviet Union. The provisional government was then established in Lublin and members of Polands former government later joined to form the Polish Government of National Unity. In August 1945, U.S. President Harry S. Truman, Joseph Stalin, and Britains Prime Minister Clement Attlee worked to shift Polands borders. On August 16, 1945, the Soviet Union and Poland signed a treaty that shifted Polands borders west. In total, Poland lost 69,860 square miles (180,934 square kilometers) in the east, although it gained 38,986 square miles (100,973 square kilometers) in the west. Until 1989, Poland maintained a close relationship with the Soviet Union. Throughout the 1980s, Poland also experienced a large amount of civil unrest and strikes by industrial workers. In 1989, the trade union Solidarity was granted permission to contest government elections and in 1991, under the first free elections in Poland, Lech Walesa became the countrys first president. Government of Poland Today, Poland is a democratic republic with two legislative bodies. These bodies are the upper Senate, or Senat, and a lower house called the Sejm. Each of the members for these legislative bodies are elected by the public. Polands executive branch consists of a chief of state and a head of government. The chief of state is the president, while the head of government is the prime minister. The legislative branch of Polands government is the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Tribunal. Poland is divided into 16 provinces for local administration. Economics and Land Use in Poland Poland currently has a successfully growing economy and has practiced a transition to more economic freedom since 1990. The largest economies in Poland are machine building, iron, steel, coal mining, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, and textiles. Poland also has a large agricultural sector with products that include potatoes, fruits, vegetables, wheat, poultry, eggs, pork, and dairy products. Geography and Climate of Poland Most of Polands topography is low lying and makes up a part of the North European Plain. There are many rivers throughout the country, the largest being the Vistula. The northern part of Poland has a more varied topography and features many lakes and hilly areas. Polands climate is temperate with cold, wet winters and mild, rainy summers. Warsaw, Polands capital, has an average January high temperature of 32 degrees (0.1 C) and a July average high of 75 degrees (23.8 C). More Facts about Poland †¢ Polands life expectancy is 74.4 years.†¢ The literacy rate in Poland is 99.8 percent.†¢ Poland is 90% Catholic. Sources Central Intelligence Agency. CIA - The World Factbook - Poland.Infoplease. Poland: History, Geography, Government, and Culture - Infoplease.com.Ullman, H.F. 1999. Geographica World Atlas Encyclopedia. Random House Australia.United States Department of State. Poland.

9. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (Cjd). It Is A Rare,...

9. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) It is a rare, degenerative but fatal brain disorder affecting very a small fraction of persons. The symptoms usually arise at the age of 60 and the person dies within a year. Many researchers believe that this disorder is the result of an abnormal protein known as prion. About 5-10% cases reported in the United States share a genetic basis where this form of dementia is caused by a mutation in the gene for the prion protein. Patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease suffer from the problems associated with muscle coordination, personality changes, impaired memory, judgment making, thinking disability and impaired vision. Other possible symptoms include insomnia and depression. In later stages the persons†¦show more content†¦Some disorders unique to children may also cause dementia. Niemann-Pick disease is a type of inherited disorder where specific gene mutations affect metabolism of cholesterol and lipids so excessive amount of cholesterol accumulates in liver and spleen whi le excessive lipids accumulate in brain. The symptoms include dementia, confusions and problems of learning and memory. The disease is known to affect the young school going children but may also affect teen agers. Batten disease is also a fatal hereditary disorder of the central nervous system occurring in childhood. The symptoms include formation of lipopigments in body tissues and early symptoms include personality and behavior changes, clumsiness or stumbling. As the disease advances children may experience mental impairment, loss of sight and motor skills, become blind and bedridden. Lafora body disease is a rare genetic disorder responsible for causing progressive dementia and movement problems. The symptoms arise in the early childhood or late teens and are characterized by the presence of Lafora bodies in brain, skin, muscles and liver and death of child within 2-10 years. Other conditions causing dementia Doctors have found many conditions that can cause dementia and some symptoms can be reversed with proper treatment. For example, medications can sometimes cause symptoms of dementia. They can be caused either by aShow MoreRelatedTypes Of Dementia For Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Ateriopathy1786 Words   |  8 PagesOther type of dementia can be coupled with a rare hereditary disorder known as CADASIL which stands for cerebral autosomal dominant ateriopathy with subcortical infarct and leukoencephalopathy. This disorder is linked to abnormalities of a specific gene, Notch3 located on chromosome 19. The first symptoms arise at the age of 20 or 35 or 40 and the individuals often die at the age of 65. Researchers are still working to find out the exact cause of CADASIL. Other causes of vascular dementia includeRead Moredementia unit 33 Essay5508 Words   |  23 PagesThere are many diseases that result in dementia. The most common types of dementia are Alzheimer’s disease; vascul ar dementia; Pick’s disease; dementia with Lewy bodies (Fronto-Temporal); Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD); Huntington’s disease. Alzheimers disease is one of the most common causes of dementia. The term dementia describes a set of symptoms, which can include memory loss, changes in mood and problems with communication and reasoning. These symptoms occur when certain diseases and conditions

Education and Empowerment Free Essays

The myth of â€Å"education and empowerment† has affected public schools tremendously in a sense that everyone is being divided, mostly by class, which lowers the confidence of our students today. Yes, there are teachers who cater to students, stay after class, and provide them with one on one tutoring and even take time from their lunch to offer extra assistance in any subject. However, there are other public schools in which teachers do not take the initiative to listen and understand when their student says â€Å"I don’t get it†. We will write a custom essay sample on Education and Empowerment or any similar topic only for you Order Now No one ever takes the responsibility as to why students are failing; they only take credit for those who are succeeding, bringing in positive results, and on a path of attaining a promising future. Jean Anyon, John Taylor Gatto, and Michael Moore have all questioned the system of public education in there articles. As a result, American public schools are hurting their students’ chances of being competitive in a global economy because they are not aiming high enough, stripping students of â€Å"responsibility and independence† (pg 158), and cutting off important resources. Jean Anyon discussed the evaluation of five elementary schools and how their social class differed and affected their students. â€Å"Several weeks later, after a test, a group of her children ’still didn’t get it,’ and she made no attempts to explain the concept of dividing things into groups or to give them manipulables for their own investigation. Rather, she went over the steps with them again and told them that they ’needed more practice†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (pg 177). Besides learning how to add, subtract, multiply, and divide, math gives students the ability to rethink a situation, and look for other options. If teachers in these working-class schools are not taking the time to break down a simple division problem and give alternatives, how will their students be challenged or even advance to another grade level? Competition in this economy is widely based on how much money you have, what school you’re enrolled in, and who you know. If the majority of the students in this class were failing tests in an elite school, action would have been taken as soon as the teacher sensed a problem. The amount of money people pay to have their child enrolled in one of the best schools, better mean that their child is getting all the keenness from their teachers. This is why students struggle in this economy, because they are all categorized. So what if one student’s parents are making more than the other, because he/she can afford that school and the other cant. This should give American public schools an even better motivation to â€Å"leave no child behind†. â€Å"School has done a pretty good job of turning children into addicts, but has done a spectacular job of turning our children into children. Again, this is no accident. Theorists from Plato to Rousseau to our own Dr. Inglis knew that if children could be cloistered with other children, stripped of responsibility and independence, encouraged to develop only the trivializing emotions of greed, envy, jealousy, and fear, they would grow older but never truly grow up† (pg 158). If you are not teaching students to make good decisions or be responsible, they may never be able to do things without depending on their peers or family members. As if America wasn’t lazy already, Gatto talks about the easy ways out people have been taking advantage of, rather than working at it; such as getting divorces. Schools have not stressed the fact that working hard at something brings results. It’s life. You can’t just become something great without having to put effort and time, you have to set goals and aim high, break down your options, and take them, don’t let anyone do it for you. What happens when a large group of schools are opened without a principal? Michael Moore stated that â€Å"163 New York city schools opened the 2000- 2001 school year without a principal† (pg 140). The time it takes for students to step foot in class is the time it’s going to take for the school to fall apart. Schools will not have established systems or discipline without one. Who will teachers turn to, when something just isn’t right? Principals are the foundation of a school. Whether they are simply counseling a troubled student or revising a lesson plan with a teacher, they act as a resource. They are there to show support for the students and build relationships as they see them progress throughout the years. Acting as another resource for schools are public libraries and school libraries. Students are being deprived from the limited resources they can look to, to continue their education and obtain new informational skills. Kids who come from a lower class cannot always manage to afford books, or even one of the greatest inventions, a computer, hence, to cut off such a necessity would be like cutting off their education for the most part. Instead of everyone working with the students, everyone is simply working for themselves. People ask who is the blame for our failing students of today but do not realize, or better yet, take the responsibility and action to make a change in their schools. Children complain that boredom s the only thing they think of when they come to class, however teachers are not challenging or giving students the amount of responsibility they need. To succeed in this global economy you have to be independent and dominant so that you’re not categorized below your own standards. It is said that the majority of the students whose families have money, do better, education wise, because they can afford more prestigious schools; but if teachers and students were more motivated, co mmitted, and communicated, they too can achieve positive results and set themselves up for competition in this global economy. Without a doubt will students be able to go against other students from different countries who have been cramming every book into their brains as young children because they were told that the key to survive as a professional was knowledge, responsibility, independence, and discipline. However, the system that is being used in American public schools today continues to lower the only self esteem students have left today. How to cite Education and Empowerment, Papers

Customer Satisfaction and The Measures Associated With Customer Satisf

Question: Your task is to define customer satisfaction and the measures (metrics) associated with customer satisfaction. Discuss the benefits of these measures to organisations. You are required relate your assignment to a personal experience; apply and discuss the marketing metrics on customer satisfaction to this experience. Give this experience a context by choosing a company (Australian or overseas) and suggest how the marketing manager might use the defined measures (metrics) to improve customer satisfaction in their organisation. Answer: Introduction Brito (2011) says that the assignment speaks of the Australian marketing institute (AMI) is one of the member companies that makes the use of these metrics. The very term metrics means that the measuring system making of the quantifies with dynamics and the trend characteristics that all the practitioners will make the use of the metrics to make the fair explanation of the phenomena and the share findings o the diagnose cause and such like. Throughout the world of the science and the business, the metrics have acquired the objectivity and with these the comparison of the observations as the time periods across that region is made possible. The marketing strategy is dealing with the metric and thee the every known metrics gives the evaluation of the strategy and with the help of all kinds and forms of the sources and the knowledge is made applied. In this regard it is said that when the marketing strategies are seen and the way it makes the performance of it, it is applied with the so urce and the way it does it activities with the help of the metrics that is all about the measurement of the characteristic and the trend that is made enforceable in the market and the marketing world. The marketing world requires the acceptance of the marketing strategies and the metric, the metrics is no doubt applied but not in all the sectors where it is to be made applied. The metrics are the determination of the practitioners who makes the use with the help of the determination, and thus they make it by making the comparisons of the observations. Marketing metrics is the statistical measurements where the companies will make the judgment regarding the effectiveness that deals with the individual marketing efforts and the sale-purchase tendency. The metrics make the dependence on the size and the type of the campaign with the desired goals that the company has kept for the long time. When the financial informations are to occur then these very metrics will make the focus on the return of investment with the costs to the amount that they generally make the return. Metrics also focuses on the well campaign and how that companies awareness and its brand with the new customers are attracted and also sees how many there are the old customers that are in the retained position. The companies as is understood in the financial and the benefit terms makes the large amount of the spending on the budgets for the marketing efforts that they see the way through which the marketing agencies, that deals with the company will be the effective. When the people are aware of the product and the services then they will make the understanding of remarketing scene with the help of the metrics. To make the campaign lots of the money, and the time is made spend and to make it publicize the companys fortunes deals and tackle with the things in the precious manner. The companies are to create the standards, and there are many ways by which the task is accomplish. As far as the marketing organizations are considered they do not adopt the metrics universally and thus they make it better for the use of the standards and the norms that is present. The assignment deals with the customer satisfaction and the measures that are associate with the customer satisfaction. The assignment also makes the explanation of how the marketing manager might use the defined measures (metrics) to improve customer satisfaction in their organization. At last, the assignment give the conclude part. Definition of customer satisfaction Barron (2011) says that the customer satisfaction means that it is the process by which the measurement of the products are applied by the company so that the company making the customer satisfaction will surpass to the customer satisfaction. When the numbers of the customers and the total percentage of the customers who are reported to have the experience with the firm have the products and the services exceeds the specific satisfaction goals is said to be the customer satisfaction. When the survey of nearly the 200 senior marketing managers was made, then 71 percent found and responded that a customer satisfaction deals with the monitoring of the business. The customer satisfaction is directly or indirectly connected to the metrics in the way that rule for implementing the satisfaction is that the customer satisfaction is measured for the every function and the every service that the organization gives to it. There is always the interconnection and the links with the services and t he products that are offer within the organization. When for example, the typical information technology provides the varieties of the services and the products, then the number of the services like the help desk are implemented. The strategies are made determined in the way that it will give the challenge to make the development of the survey questionnaires to make the measurement of the customer satisfaction and thus will it be providing to the products. It deals with the quality services with the different theories that are apply and the specific factor like the measuring of the customer satisfaction is made as developed by the Valarie A., Parasuraman and Leonard l. berry. Personal experiences of the customer satisfaction with the desired metrics is that the experience related to the customer satisfaction is that the customer feedback from it is gold and the it comes up with the internal processes that is how to track the complaints and make the fixing of it. One can all in the power of the really easy for the customers to make the feedback and one can tell about the problems. But the value that is being added is the worth to it. Another experience that is shared is that of the decide the metrics in what way are critical to the measuring of the customer satisfaction and one cant just go and proves that the services are offered with the great services data and one will never be made the hesitation with the customers for the feedback ad it will thus measures the success in the way it is desired. Dimensions of customer satisfaction (according to the definition) Azhar (2011) says that the method that is known as the RATER model as there is made the prescribing model that has the dimensions like the reliability, assurances, empathy and the tangibles. The reliability is that factor that makes the effect with the companys ability to make the performance with the services that is accurately. The assurance is that of the knowledge and the competence with the courtesy of the employees and the ability to make the convey of the trust and the confidence in the customer. There is when assign the importance to the weight of the dimension survey then thus is the important weight with the customer that makes the help to identify the organization with the areas of the improvement. These dimensions of the customer satisfaction make the definition of it clear. The questions that are present is not that of the assigned weights but of the each survey that is differed. It is not always possible to make the aggregation of the score of the dimension level. In it , it will make the assignor the function level. Example: for instance when one is going to the own coffee shop and one wants to give the customers that excellent services to maximize the satisfaction and the reason is that they will thus become the loyal customers. There may be the plans that are made to maximize customer satisfaction. In this way, the personal experience is shared of the customer satisfaction and the planning is the measurement of the satisfaction that is utmost for the owner as mentioned in this case. The measures (metrics) associated with customer satisfaction The measures are included and explained in the following way: Alderson (2009) says that the customer satisfaction vs. perception that deals with the question whether the service live with the yours expectation (customers) or not. This metrics is straight as the respondents will be asked to it in the way of it to make the agree and the disagree with the statement of the five point scale. Other is the likelihood to recommend to the friends. This metrics gives a representation of what and how way the customers are happy. Thirdly it deals with the customer experience and the ideal experience. The metrics applied is that what is the customer experience when the customer has properly utilized all these things and the products and the services that have been offered to the customer is that of the advantageous mode or not. The metrics of the overall satisfaction is that of the satisfaction with the services that is being given ad this can be of the open-ended query that will make the reflection of the mentions of the quality and the fulfillment of the customers. The metrics of the affective and the cognitive satisfaction is that of the liking or the disliking of something that is not given in the desired way and the question raised is that of how important the SLA (service level agreement). Benefits of these measures to organizations Albrecht (2006) says that the most important measure to the organization is that of the metrics target that is to reduce the complaints. It is most important to keep it simple and thus they can make the influence and what is expected from it can be explained. The benefits are as follows: The metrics that is in the excellent position will drive the strategy and the direction of the organization that means that there is the direction that is given so that the organization can make the run on it. Albrecht (2006) says that there is also provided the focus for the organization, department and all those employees that have the requirement of the organization Smith (2010) says that it will make the help in the making of the decisions. The good metrics will always make the best of the supplies and the products will make the delivery when the outcome of the decision making is fine. There is also the drive performance with the evolve of the organization and in the way it can be made evolve and thus will be carried with the change driving factors. There is also produced the good and the bad internal and the external relations that is connected to the public for the customer satisfaction and these all measures will help them. Conclusion Jennifer (2010) says that the customer satisfaction is the satisfaction that the customers retain after making the products and the services consumed. When the satisfaction term is directly liked with the customers then it means that the customer satisfaction is with the dealing of the compliances that the customers have for those who have the best dealings with the customers. The customers satisfaction is directly linked with the metrics that is procedure of the measuring of the characteristics and the trends that are prevailing in the market. The metrics are always helpful in making the decisions and the performance of the marketing organizations and the agencies will thoroughly depend on it. There are various measures for the organizations that relate the marketing organization with the metrics. The metrics is that of the measurement of the customer satisfaction. This satisfaction deals with the knowledge and the measurement. The customer satisfaction depends on the reliability an d the like factors that are in the processing way. The customer satisfaction is the matter how the customer will retain the satisfaction when the products or the service that is being seen is not satisfactorily. The dimensions clearly explain the marketing organizations and the customer satisfaction. The customer satisfaction is all the makes the dealing with the satisfactorily performance not only of the company but also of the customers that are all in the mode to present it. The dimensions also make the clear definition of the satisfaction and how the metrics are accepted by the organizations. There are various sources that do not universally accept it. Thus it can be said that the customer satisfaction relates to the metrics. References aker, Jennifer, and Andy Smith. 2010.The Dragonfly Effect.San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Albrecht, Karl.Social Intelligence.2006San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Alderson, Wroe.2009.Marketing Behavior Executive Action.Mansfield Centre: Martino Publishing. Azhar, Azeem. 2011The New Marketing Model: Peer Index Marketing.Gigaom13 Web. Bakshy, Eytan, Winter A. Mason, Jake M. Hofman, and Duncan J. Watts.2011Everyones an Influencer: Quantifying Influence on Twitter.4thInternational Conference on Web Search and Data Mining. Barron, Jennifer, and Jim Hollingshead. 2011.Making Segmentation Work.Marketing Management. Berns, Gregory S., Jonathan Chappelow, Caroline F. Zink, Giuseppe Pagnoni, Megan E. Martin-Skurski, and Jim Richards.2005Neurobiological Correlates of Social Conformity and Independence During Mental Rotation. Blanchard, Olivier. 2011.Social Media ROI.Indianapolis: Pearson Education. Boyd, Danah.Social Steganography: Learning to Hide in Plain Sight. 2010. Boyd, Drew.A Structured, Facilitated Team Approach to Innovation.2007Organization Development Journal. Brito, Michael.Smart Business, Social Business.2011 Indianapolis: Pearson Education,2012. Coram, Robert.Boyd.New York: Little, Brown and Company.

Good Essay Topics Ideas for College Students

Good Essay Topics Ideas for College by Checklist for Choosing an Essay Topic The checklist below will help you narrow down the essay topic choice and find a subject to discuss throughout your paper. Brainstorm with other students to generate multiple potential ideas Write down every idea you think of Go through the list and select a few essay topics youd like to discuss Research the selected topics to see whether you can find enough evidence to support the claims you’ll make in an essay Narrow down your topic search and find an ideal subject to write about answering these questions: Can you finish the paper in the time available? Can you reach the specified word count with that topic? Can you get access to the resources you need for the paper with that title? Does the topic allow me to demonstrate my understanding of the subject? Does the topic allow me to demonstrate my writing skills properly? Am I motivated enough for this topic? Essay Topics by Category There are plenty essay types, and the character of their topics depends on the specifics of each paper. While persuasive and argumentative essay topics may seem to be identical, cause and effect and narrative essay topics are completely different. Argumentative essay topics Is there too much pressure on teenagers to go to college? Should more rights be given to immigrants? Do TV shows and movies have the responsibility of being more diverse? How â€Å"fake news† changes political and social life? How do reality shows impact society? Should the United States make English the official national language? Persuasive essay topics Should students be allowed to use phones in elementary and high schools? Should all American citizens have to complete a year of community service? Should teenage girls be allowed to get birth control without the permission of their parents? Is it the time to reform immigration laws? Should children who commit violent crimes be tried as adults? Compare and contrast essay topics (learn more from the link). Antebellum Era vs. Reconstruction Era in American History. Similarities and differences between Star Wars and Star Trek. Cats vs. dogs: which ones make better pets. New England Colonies vs. Middle Colonies OR vs. Southern Colonies. Communism vs. Capitalism. Cause and effect essay topics What is the effect of family vacations on family relationships? What effect did human curiosity have in relation to our planet? What are causes of environmental catastrophes? How technology development affects the state of nature? What are causes of technological advancements in Japan? Narrative essay topics Write about a time when you got hurt on the playground. What happened? An example of rebellion from your life. Tell about morality problems that bother you and why. A negative example of cowardice. Tell about something you had a personal morality challenge. Expository essay topics (click to check out 50+ remaining topics) Explain the social significance of wearing a uniform at school. Explain the possible consequences of dropping out of college. Describe the changes in communication in the last 20 years since the internet emerged. Explain why tolerance in a workplace is crucial. Define the causes and effects of not voting in elections. Compare And Contrast Essay Topics The choice of compare and contrast essay topics is not an easy task because you need to show your analytical skills. Below you can find several suggestions regarding the choice of correct topics for compare and contrast essays. What Is the Best Choice for Contemporary Students: Traditional Education or Remote Learning? Fascism and Nazism: Are These Two Concepts Different or the Same? Gender Issues: Different Mental Processes of Females and Males. Is Being a Freelancer a good alternative to being a Full-time Employee? Facebook or MySpace: Which Social Network Offers More Opportunities? Anorexia Nervosa and Obesity: What Is More Dangerous? Sources with Free Access and Rights Reserved: Should We Protect Intellectual Property? If you choose one of these topics, you will definitely succeed to attract the attention of your audience because they involve the most recent discussion topics. Compare and contrast essays are the most difficult to complete if compared to other essays because they require significant analytical skills. This is your chance to get excellent grades! Informative Essay Topics A good topic for an informative essay focuses on emerging significant issues. It should add value to a paper and engage readers. Here we present informative essay topics to give you an idea: Methods of Improving Health Standards in German Schools. How Can We Improve American Football to Make It Safer? The Importance of Having a Democratic System of Government. Types of Social Evils in Poorly Developed Countries. Why Should You Install Reliable Cyber Security Measures in Your Company? Essential Health Tips for Pregnant Women Who Are Travelling by Plane? Methods of Preventing Excessive Air Pollution from Factories. On the contrary to compare and contrast essays, informative essays don’t offer any comparison of different subjects, actions, or events. Informative essays are more descriptive. Therefore, they are easier to complete. Proposal Essay Topics The main goal of topic choice for a proposal essay is to prove the idea can be implemented in practice. Below you can find several ideas for proposal essay topics: Can Money Motivate to Work Better? How to Lead a Light-hearted Life without Being Terrified about Your Income? Should Children in High School Learn Religious Studies as a part of the Curriculum? How to Make It Work for All Religions? In What Ways Does Educational Process Depends on Both Students and Teachers? How Can Students and Teachers Make the Education Process More Effective? Why Do We Take Misunderstanding for Hatred: Ways to Cope with Excessively Strong Emotions in Relationships between Parents and Children? Does Society Treat People with Disabilities Well? Can We Change Anything to Improve the Lives of People with Disabilities? Do We Still Need to Bother with Environmental Protection? What Can We Do Every Day to Change the Situation? How Should Corporations Reward Employees, Apart from Paying Money? Proposal essay topics are developed for ideas. Don’t try to polish them before consulting your teacher. Consult your teacher before completing your essay and then polish your topic. Controversial Essay Topics Controversial essay topics present a great number of interesting topics for discussion. However, you’re always at risk to express a different opinion than the one your teacher supports Some teachers accept opposing opinions while others may lower your grade in case you express a contradicting view. Therefore, be careful when choosing a topic for your controversial essay. We suggest several topics for a controversial essay below. The Role of a Teacher’s Behavior in Case of Signs of Child Abuse Factors That Can Convert Computer Games into Real-life Violence Stimulators The Role and the Impact of Prostitution on the Overall Economy of Canada The Ethics of Euthanasia and Physician-assisted Suicide Global Warming: Is It Real or Is It Propaganda? The History of the LGBTQ Community Vaccinations: Mandatory for Public School Entrance Controversial essays are interesting to write, but their topics are scandalous. Therefore, be careful when choosing your topic to avoid lower grades.   New! Research paper topics Essay Topics By Levels Of Education We can help you choose an essay topic according to the level of education. For example, you can choose a topic for elementary, middle, or high school. We suggest several popular topics for elementary, middle, high schools and even for college below. Elementary and Middle School Essay Topics Remember your final grade significantly depends on the topic. Many elementary and middle school students find it difficult to choose topics for their essays. We can help select interesting essay topics for middle school, high school, or college and you can modify them to complete your unique essay. Will Humanity Reach a Time when There Will Be No More Technological Advancement? YouTube Owners Should Check and Fix Comments That Involve Dirty Language. The Role of Communication in Social Networks for Modern Education. To Be a Politician: Art or Talent? Are You on the Side of King-Kong or the Militaries Who Interrupted His World to Study. Him Using Violent Measures? The Death Sentence Should Be Activated in Every Country of the World. Steroid Users Must Be Banned from Team Sport Activities. High School Essay Topics There are multiple captivating essay topics for high school created to attract the attention of your teacher and other readers. Our essay topics for high school students will help you unveil your writing talent and make a good impression on readers. Have a look at these topics for high school essays to derive ideas of your own: Is Homeschooling an Effective Approach to Educate Children? What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Attending a Single-sex School? Which Social Activities Should Be Punished by Law? Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization. The Educational System in India. Can Graffiti be Viewed as Art? Is the Cost of University Education Excessively High in Australia? Essay   Topics for College Students Teachers require more from college students because college is the next step after high school. College professors may decline the topics appreciated by high school teachers. Therefore, developing essay topics for college is not an easy task. We suggest several essay topics for college students to make your life easier. Here they are: Are test scores the most accurate indication of an individual’s competency? What should change about the current taxation system? Why are left-handed guitar players more gifted? What are the causes of the increased number of teenage mothers? Is college admission getting too sharp? Are Project Managers and CEOs paid too much? Military service and the role of gender. Essay Topics By Subject During the course of any subject, teachers ask to write different essays concerning one general topic. The variety of subtopics that cover general themes can confuse a student and take much time to make up a good essay topic. We’ve created guides on how to write essays on general topics with lists of the most workable essay topics. Education In What Ways Homework Contributes to Student Performance? Which Education Is Better: Private School, Public School, or Homeschooling? Should Vaccinations Continue to Be Mandatory in Public Schools? Should â€Å"Gifted† Students Receive Special Educational Treatment? How Are Online High Schools Better Than Traditional Education? Can a Specialist in Psychology at School Help Solve Student Psychological Problems? What Is the Best Way to Take Notes in Class? High School Life Approaches to Better Concentration for Students when studying? What Is the Cost of Studying   Abroad and Is It Worth The Money? What Are the Best Sports to Join at UK Schools? How Did We Get a School Mascot? What Are the Benefits of Being in the FFA, BPA, or Other School Organization? Is Learning a Foreign Language in High School Important? What Ethics Rules Make a Successful Dating Experience? Should More High Schools Have Apprenticeships or Technical Programs So Graduates Can Get a Job Right after School? Social Media Should People Be Judged by Their Social Media Profiles? Is It Possible to Find a Mate Using Online Dating Sites or Are They Just Scams? Can People Develop Long-term Relationships Using Dating Sites? Should Texting and Driving Be Illegal? Is Technology Making Human Attention Spans Shorter? Can Social Media like Pinterest Be Used in the Classroom? Does Social Media Negatively Impact the social lives of Young People? How Does Social Media Change Relationships between Parents and Children? Science And Technology How Will 3-D Printing Change Medicine? What Does Science Currently Offer for Disabled People? Is Face-detection Software a Good Way to Solve the Problem of Identity Theft? How Can Practical Quantum Computers Change Our Lives? How Will 360-degree Selfie Cameras Change the Way We Share Our Lives? Is Adding Connectivity to Our Home Devices Helpful or Not? Can Computers Really Become Intelligent? Health Essay Topics How Can People Best Be Encouraged to Make Healthier Lifestyle Choices? Do TV Shows about Obese People Losing Weight Exploit or Help? Does Polluting the Environment Have an Impact on Human Health? How Can We Best Solve the Problem of Antibiotic Resistance? Are Drugs Overused in Treating Mental Illness? What Makes Some People Able to Live Over a Hundred Years? Can Internet medical advice help improve people’s health? Causes of eating disorders and obesity. How to manage anorexia and bulimia nervosa. The phenomenon of the effect of feminism on anorexic women. Reaction Paper Topics: Travel The importance of traveling with your friends. The benefits of traveling alone. Describe a time you traveled alone. What obstacles did you face? Did you learn something new about yourself? Reflection Paper Topics: Art, Music And Movie Does Art Pay? Can Music and Cinematography Be Called an Art Too? Is Gothic Art the Most Preferred and Magnificent in the History of Humankind? Can You Succeed in Life Working in the Field of Art? Are Todays Music Tracks Educational or Meaningful at All? Are Modern Lyrics Too Explicit for a Young Audience? There Is No Plot in the Majority of Up-to-date Movies. Modern and classic architecture – whose side are you on? Why should we go to opera in the XXI century? Van Gogh as a modern style icon. We’ve collected several topics that are popular in the current scientific and social debate. These topics can make your essay interesting and provide you high grades. Also, you can capture reader attention with the help of funny essay topics. Interesting and Funny Essay Topics Interesting essay topics for an essay will never leave your readers indifferent because people like humor. Fun topics make people laugh and while they do it you can unveil your ideas. Besides, if you browse  write my essay you can find necessary help with writing. These 20 interesting and funny topics will help you write wonderful essays: 1. The Games People Play and Masks They Wear: Sincerity Vs. Politeness. 2. Why Stupid Cat Videos Are Ruining the Internet? 3. Extreme Sports – Is Adrenaline Worth the Risk? 4. Why Do Skinny Models Still Remain a Modern Standard of Beauty? 5. Ethical Issues Surrounding Surrogate Motherhood. 6. Can Women Be Regarded as the Weaker Sex Today? 7. Can the Way to Success Be Laziness? 8. The Credibility of Data In the Media Is Questionable. 9. The Consequences of the Chernobyl Disaster. 10. The Issues of Successful and Unhappy Marriages. 11. Television Forms a New Type of Culture. 12. The Choice of Profession Directly Depends on the Degree of Interest in Personal Growth. 13. The Possibilities of the Human Body Are Unlimited. 14. Errors in Any Sphere is Unavoidable. Do Doctors, Judges, and Teachers Have the Right to Make Mistakes? 15. Why Do Managers Use Stick and Carrot Motivation? Wouldn’t Stick Policies Be Enough? 16. Does an Artist Need Talent to Create Abstract Pictures? 17. Modern Theater and Remakes of Classic Plays – New Interpretation or Outrage? 18. Live to Eat or Eat to Live? Healthy Diets Vs. Favorite Dishes. 19. E-books and Audio Books Vs. Printed Publications – Downloading E-books to Save Trees? 20. Visitors Can Damage Historical Sites. Should These Places Still Be Open to Tourists? If you choose an interesting discussion topic, you can get good grades because teachers like when students take some time to ponder over issues. Choose a topic which is interesting for you: if you’re interested in the discussion topic you don’t take much mental effort to write an essay, you just enjoy the process and don’t count the time spent on writing. Your essay topic accounts for 50% of its success. It helps draw the attention of readers and evoke interest. If you support your essay with relevant discussion, you will definitely get good grades. We hope our  essay help service succeeded in giving you several valuable ideas related to essay topic choice. You can also use one of the topics we’ve suggested to develop your own. We’ve suggested topics for multiple disciplines, different levels of education, types of essays, and subjects. We’ve tried to choose the most popular topics that are widely discussed in scientific circles or those that are interesting for common folks. Therefore, read this article before starting to write your essay to derive some ideas and then create a captivating paper. Paper writing process has many levels. Some people think that the hardest one is to cite the paper according to format. Well, it may be the truth, but the problem of formatting becomes not so serious if you just lack ideas about what to write. When teachers assign a task, they always mention a type of writing that students must do (like a persuasive essay, or a research paper). The decision on what topic to write lays 100% on the shoulders of a student. But what to do, if sudden creative block obstructs you? Check out the latest and the coolest research paper and essay topics at ! Our writers literally radiate with creative ideas for essays, so hurry up, be the first to get the essay topic now. You know, teachers always evaluate papers starting from the title. writers can make it stand out. We have a giant base of topic ideas (which is regularly enriching). You are welcome to take some 😉

The Disadvantages Of Vulnerable People In Society Social Work Essay Essay Example

The Disadvantages Of Vulnerable People In Society Social Work Essay Essay Example The Disadvantages Of Vulnerable People In Society Social Work Essay Essay The Disadvantages Of Vulnerable People In Society Social Work Essay Essay All Professional businesss are guided by ethical codifications and underpinned by Values ( Bishman, 2004 ) and from the really beginning of Social Work, the profession has been seen as steadfastly rooted in values ( Reamer, 2001 ) ( Cited by Bishman, 2004 ) Every individual has a set of beliefs which influence actions, values relate to what we think others should make and what we ought to make, they are personal to us. ( Parrot, 2010:13 ) Although society may been seen as holding shared values we are all brought up with different personal values bases, this is an of import point to see when working with others, because our values can act upon the manner we behave. It would hence be seen as foolish to undervalue the significance of values within the Social Work Profession. ( Thompson, 2005: 109 ) Our Personal Valuess can alter over clip, and our behavior can change as a consequence of the state of affairs we are in. From a immature age one of the most of import values instilled in me by my parents was to hold regard for others, this should be carried throughout life as we should handle others the manner in which we would anticipate to be treated. The importance of holding a value base for Social Work is to steer Social Workers and protect the involvement of Services Users. ( Parrot, 2010:17 ) As a rehearsing Social Worker it is of import to recognize personal values and to be able to understand, state of affairss will show themselves were personal and professional values can conflict. It was merely when we had the talkers in that I began to oppugn my ain values. NISCC outlines a codification of Practice for Social Workers to adhere to, from listening to the talkers in category one issue that was highlighted was that of partnership. Partnership is now a really apparent portion of mundane linguistic communication of people involved in the procedure of supplying attention. ( Tait and Genders 2002 ) However it is non ever set into pattern. Mr Y referred to being kept in the dark about his unwellness, he was finally given a diagnosing, but it was neer explained to him what the significance of this diagnosing was or how it would impact his life. Social Workers have to exert professional discretion, due to the nature of their work ; opinions have to be made which involve values and effects that make the worker accountable for their actions. ( Thompson 2009 ) Partnership working is really of import for people with a disablement, I was able to recognize a struggle with my personal values when one of the Mr X spoke about a visit to the GP, where the GP was inquiring the carer how the Service User was experiencing instead that inquiring them, from listening to this I was able to recognize that this is something that I have done in the yesteryear and possible infantilises the person with remarks such as mentioning to them as we dote or wee pet and I neer thought that there was anything incorrect with utilizing these statements, nevertheless from the experience gained I can recognize that my personal values and the professional values are in struggle at this point. It is a manner of suppressing this person, and failure to advance their rights as an individual. When sing this in concurrence with the NISCC Code Of Practice, it was clear that there was a conflicting of values. NISCC states that as a Social Care worker we must protect the rights and promote the involvements of service users and carers as the Disabled Movement states Nothing about us, without us. We need to see the Service User position, one of the talkers stated effective partnership working should include the professionals and the Service user. Partnership is a cardinal value in the professional value base underpinning Community Care. Braye and Preston-Shoot 200343 ) Partnership should be promoted in several ways such as maintaining an unfastened duologue between professionals and Service Users, puting purposes, being honest about the differences of sentiment and how the power differences can impact them and supplying the Service User with information that helps to advance their apprehension. ( Braye and Preston-Shoot 2003 ) In the instance if the talker who was non given a diagnosing for a long clip and was merely put out of the adviser s office this cardinal countries did non use. Another issue that was striking was that of independency, ab initio my personal position was non of person with a disablement being independent, my personal experience in the yesteryear had led me to believe that people with a disablement required a batch of aid and were dependant on a carer to supply that aid, I did nt see them as being in employment. Some of these values were rather hibernating until I began working in the Social Care Field. The Speakers that we had in from Willow bank explained that they all have occupations and purpose to be every bit independent as possible. This highlighted the struggle between my personal and professional values which I need to be cognizant of. The NISCC codification of pattern provinces a Social Worker should advance the independency of Service Users, this is one struggle that I can admit with my personal values, I need to look at the bigger image an position the service users as single people with alone traits and involvements it is of impor t that they are non labelled due to their disablement, It is viewed that it is society which disables physically impaired people, disablement is something imposed on top of damages by the manner we are unnecessarily isolated and excluded from full engagement in society. ( Oliver 1996 ) My Personal position was that I believe that we should take to make things for people with disablements, I have frequently found myself transporting out undertakings for them that I know they are able to execute themselves, when the talker from 6th sense spoke about how she had been spoon fed and pushed around the resort area as a kid had gave her a sense of erudite weakness, it made me admit my ain actions. Again this is another country where my personal values conflict with the professional values. Respect for individuals in an highly of import values, although I believe I was brought up to demo regard for others by making dependence in a manner is disrespectful to the person. The publicity of independency is of import, it is important to see those with a disablement as single people. The NISCC codification of pattern high spots As a societal attention worker, you must esteem the rights of service users while seeking to guarantee that their behavior does non harm themselves or other people. Keeping in line with the NISCC Code of Practice I need to actively dispute my ain biass in order to guarantee that I am advancing anti-oppressive pattern. Bing able to understand the value conflicts in pattern can turn out to be really good. It can assist us admit the differences in the power construction, which can suppress the service user. Social Workers aim to authorise the Service User, to assist them assist themselves. It is of import that Professional values are ever at the head to advance anti-oppressive pattern. Social Work Practice is underpinned by Torahs, policies and processs. It is of import to ever be cognizant of the Service Users perspectives, this will assist guarantee more effectual and efficient pattern. Both our personal and professional values need to be acknowledged for effectual and efficient pattern. It is of small usage if Social Workers have a professional value base which does nt inform or act upon their pattern, Social Work moralss can be understood as Values put into actions. ( Banks, 2006 )

Quatitative vs Qualitative Research Study Paper

Quatitative vs Qualitative Study - Research Paper Example p. 659). On a closer analysis, considering the above mentioned criteria, it becomes clear that one research study is quantitative in nature, whereas the other reflects qualitative characteristics, that is, the first article named â€Å"Nephrol Dial Transplant† is an example of quantitative research study. This article is concerned with â€Å"an identified problem, based on testing a theory, measured with numbers† and it is makes analysis by making use of statistical techniques (Chapter 4: Quantitative and Qualitative Research. n.d. p. 41). According to this definition, it is seen that the article is quantitative as it describes a lot of relationships such as that of demographic characteristics and knowledge of CKD, with the help of numerical variables through independent t-test, Pearson’s Chi Squared test, one way Analysis of Variance etc. Also, the article has a specific and narrow purpose as it basically deals with just finding out the impact of SMS system on C KD patients by analyzing the collected data and presenting it in numerical terms. This can be seen through the various numerical data presented under the head ‘Demographic and clinical characteristics of CKD patients at study entry’ of the article, where the researchers have represented the percentage of patients in terms of age, marital status, education, gender etc. Furthermore, they have also provided information regarding diabetes, hypertension, alcohol history, smoking history, walking, gardening and such other lifestyle activities of patients all in numerical terms. Another factor that makes it quantitative research is the participants, quantitative study always employs a random sample, as is seen in this case also. Therefore, these are the various elements that make this article an apt example for quantitative research study. The second article, â€Å"The Impact of Self-management Support on the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease- A Prospective Randomized Con trolled Trial† is observed to be a qualitative research as it consists of the research taking place in a natural setting, where the researcher â€Å"gathers words or pictures, analyzes them inductively, focuses on the meaning of participants, and describes a process that is expressive and persuasive in language† (Wise, n.d., How would you define qualitative research? para.1). It involves a more generalized and broad topic and furthermore it is concerned with qualitative aspects such as gathering information regarding the participants’ experiences, feelings etc. It uses texts as well as diagrams as compared to the quantitative research, which is evident from the chart showing the profiles of patient enrollments, assignments and alerts. Another factor is that under the study design, specifically under the head ‘Standardized SMS Program,’ as opposed to the quantitative study, not many numerical values are used. In fact the data regarding initial eGFR, e nd point eGFR, number of initial

Preventing Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in the Intensive Care Unit Research Paper

Preventing Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in the Intensive Care Unit - Research Paper Example From this perspective, I want to find various methods of preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia in the ICU patients. Huang, S. J., Huang, H. J., Yu, S. F., Chen, J. H., Huang, H. Y., Cheng, P. C., ... & Lu, M. C. (2015). The implement of bundle care improves the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in ICU. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, 48(2), S153. The above journal discusses a research carried out in a medical center in central Taiwan. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia after implementation of VAP bundles. Before the introduction of VAP bundles the prevalence rate was 2.5% in 2013 where a respirator was utilized in 49.9% of the patients hospitalized in the 20-bed Medical Centre. The incidence rate reduced from 2.5% in 2013 to 1.0% in Q3 of 2014, after the application of VAP bundle care. Laird, P. (2015). Preventing ventilator-related injury in the ICU. Retrieved May 22, 2015, from http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/sp-3.15.1b/ovidweb.cgi?QS2=434f4e1a73d37e8ca9c2ed569e2a6bcb0f412b007c9b7e54280dcd11f81c8b88c241ed21141302487cfd3d58d1402427e90395d588a7c5c119687037986016f981c651e712f27d984010f4812b662d4aee3eb831 This resource talks about a mechanical ventilation technique that is utilized in the ICU. It is a treatment for patients suffering from respiratory failure. Nevertheless, the method has various complications and risks related to its use. It is, therefore, recommended that patients using this type of therapy should be monitored daily. Monitoring daily is paramount to establish preparedness to perform early extubation and safeguard against possible fatal ventilator-associated problems. The document suggests that using ‘VAP-bundle’ may minimize the infection rate. It talks about a 5-element Institute

Effects of Atmospheric Aerosols on Human Health

Effects of Atmospheric Aerosols on Human Health Abstract: A highly Sensitive (LOD; 0.04-0.4 ng/ml) method is developed for detection and quantification of acidic compounds (C3 -C10) containing mono and dicarboxylic acids on GC-MS. These compounds (C3 -C10) existed in trace amount, as secondary organic aerosols i.e. important constituents of Aerosols. Membrane extraction technique was utilized for selective enrichment (1-4300 times) of target compounds. Good repeatability (RSD% ≠¤ 10%) from selective organic phase (10% TOPO in DHE) was achieved with three phase HF-LPME. Aerosols containing samples, after Ultrasonic Assisted extraction were detected and quantified Through GC-MS. Effective derivatization of each target compound was performed with BSTFA reagent. Gas Chromatography, having capillary column and interfaced with mass spectrometry was used for separation, detection and quantification of target compounds. Method Development and Application -hollow fiber Supported liquid membrane extraction of Fatty acids (C3-C10) containing mono and dicarboxylic acids and Detection of aerosols Samples after ultrasonic assisted extraction. 1. Introduction: Impact of Atmospheric aerosols on human health and effect on radioactive stability in Earth’s atmosphere is getting importance now a days and this phenomenon has been well understood. [1]. Atmospheric aerosols can harm respiratory and cardiovascular system of human. Impact of Secondary organic aerosols as biogenic and anthropogenic antecedent is identified (Adams and sinfold, 2002) [1, 17]. Low molecular dicarboxylic acids (C3-C9) are also vital tracers of SOA [2]. Short chain fatty acids are found as secondary organic aerosols which are also supposed to derive from long chain fatty acids [1]. Importance of organic aerosol has been well established now a days and carboxylic acids are of great interest for environmental studies [1]. Several studies and mechanisms were proposed to understand the production of these SOA precursors [1]. Short chain carboxylic acids are found extensively in troposphere [2]. Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) are formed in the atmosphere by gas particles conversions. Organic matter present in aerosol contains more than 90% of troposphere’s aerosols [5, 15]. Dicarboxylic acids found in nature as polymeric compounds such as suberin and cutin [3]. Short chain dicarboxylic acids are found in vegetables [Siddiqui, 1989] and in soil containing micro organisms of durum wheat [4]. Dicarboxylic acids are found in plant oils which have greater interest for cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries [6]. Short chain dicarboxylic acids having aliphatic chain possess strong cyclotoxicity and antineoplastic activities [18]. Many analytical techniques are used to determine the composition of SOA so keeping in view these techniques new method for determination of fatty acids (common in SOA) has been developed. Membrane extraction is used in this method due to its increasing importance for high selectivity and high enrichment factor [24]. Dicarboxylic acids formed of bio oxidation of fatty acids so these are considered as metabolic part of fatty acid [42]. Dicarboxylic acids and their derivatives can be used to make polymers and their condensation with diols in solution produces high molecular weight polyester [39]. Additionally these dicarboxylic acids use less temperature in the reaction for the preparation of polyesters [39]. 1.1. Analytes Description: Properties (physical, chemical, etc.) of Compounds (C3-C10) containing mono and dicarboxylic acids are discussed in section; 1.1.1-1.1.12. These compounds (C3-C10) are the target analytes in this diploma project. These target analytes are extracted through Liquid phase micro extraction and detected by GC-MS system. Fig. 1.1-1.12 represents structures of target analytes (section; 1.1.1-1.1.12). 1.1.1- Adipic Acid Adipic acid is a product of lipid per oxidation. Adipic acid does not undergo hydrolysis in the environment perhaps due to the lack of hydrolysable functional groups (Harris 1990) [5]. 1.1.2- Malonic Acid: Malonic Acid is a metabolite of plants and tissues and Malonyle-CoA [28]. Malonic Acid is an intermediate for preparation of fatty acids from plants and other tissues [7]. Malonic acid is also present in aerosols [8]. Malonic acid is an important constituent of short chain fatty acids [8]. Malonic acid present in beet rots as a Calcium salt [42]. 1.1.3- Succinic Acid: Succinic acid is found in atmosphere as water soluble compound and as a compound of Secondary organic aerosols [29]. Succinic acid is a solid exists as crystals, anciently called spirit of amber. Succinic acid is an important intermediate in citric acid cycle which is very important constituent of living organism [42]. 1.1.4- Glutaric acid: Glutaric acid is found as SOA in aerosols [8]. Glutaric acid is sparingly soluble in water [41], can be used to prepare a plasticizer for polyester [41]. 1.1.5- Pimelic Acid: Pimelic acid is a last dicarboxylic acid relative to carbon number which has IUPAC name. Derivatives of Pimelic acid are used for biosynthesis of amino acid typically lysine [41]. Pimelic acid is produced, when Nitric acid is heated with Oleic acid as a secondary sublimation product which is not crystallized [20]. 1.1.6-Suberic Acid: Suberic acid is produced from suberine [8]. Suberic acid can also be obtained by vigorous reaction condition of natural oil with nitric acid [8]. 1.1.7-Azelaic Acid: Azelaic acid is an important constituent of secondary organic aerosols because it produces short chain fatty acids upon photo oxidation and also because it can be produced during oxidation of unsaturated acid that is found in Oleic acid [11]. 1.1.8- Cis-pinonic Acid: Cis-pinonic acid is also produced in atmosphere by photo oxidation of ÃŽ ±-pinene in the existence of Ozone [30]. 1.1.9- Pinic Acid: Pinic acid is derivative of ÃŽ ±-pinene. Pinic acid can be generated by photo oxidation of ÃŽ ±-pinene with Ozone as given in this chemical reaction; (C10H16 + 5/3 O3 -> C9H14O4 + HCHO). Pinic acid is present in a crystalline form used to prepare plasticizers [30]. 1.1.10- 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid 4-Hydroxy benzoic acid is exists as crystals. It is used to derive parabens and can be used as antioxidant [41]. 1.1.11-Phthalic Acid: Phthalic acid is an aromatic dicarboxylic acid it is found as white crystalline state in pure form [41]. Phthalic acid is found abundantly in atmosphere and it has toxic properties. Aromatic acids are generally emitted through anthropogenic sources like reminiscent of solvent evaporation and Automobile exhaust [31]. 1.1.12-Syringic Acid. Syringic acid is found as humic substance in environment [40]. 1.2. Detection of Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction samples(UAE): A detection procedure by GC-MS is established with reference standard injections and UAE samples. A theoretical description is given in section 1.2 for â€Å"Ultrasonic assisted extractions†. Unknown real Samples from Aerosols containing mono and dicarboxylic acids (C 3-C 10) are provided after Ultrasonic assisted extraction [34]. 1.2.1- Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction: ‘Ultrasonic’ is derived from ultrasound. Ultrasound refers to a sound that has a higher frequency than a normal human can hear. This technique is used in chemistry in several aspects and due to application in chemistry it is known as Sonochemistry [23]. Ultra Sound is used in sample preparation in analytical chemistry like extraction, filtration, dissolution and sample purification. When Ultrasonic technique is used for assistance in extraction, this assistance in extraction is called â€Å"Ultrasonic assisted extraction† (UAE) [23]. There are many advantages by using UAE because it require less organic solvents ,non destructive, less expensive and less time consuming comparative to other sample preparation techniques like soxhlet [21]. The normal range of ultrasound frequencies used in laboratory ranges from 20 KHz to 40 KHz. Use of UAE is simple. A sample solution inside a vessel in an appropriate solvent can be placed inside ultrasonic bath at desired temperature and sound waves stir the sample [20]. The mechanism of US is as â€Å"when a sound source produces a high frequency waves, sample molecules starts vibrating and shift this vibration to other molecules of sample in a longitudinal direction when gas and liquid is used as a sample, while in solid sample both longitudinal and transverse waves can be produced† [19]. When UAE is utilized it increases speed of mass transport by vibration of mechanical transport from the sample matrix through a process called â€Å"cavitation† [21]. 1.2.2- Theory of Ultrasonic Assisted extraction: There are two theoretical aspects of sonication i.e. physical and chemical aspects in sample preparation. Physical and chemical aspects are described in section (1.2.2.1-1.2.2.2), in order to understand its practical use in analytical chemistry. 1.2.2.1- Physical aspects of UAE: During Ultrasonic assisted extraction, a bubble in a liquid cannot take energy (due to US) and implodes. On the other hand due to Ultra sound in liquid extractions, the cavitational pressure is shifted relatively higher so formation of bubble is difficult [21]. Ultrasonic intensity produces cavitations in a liquid sample during extraction (UAE). Two types of US cavitation is produced known as â€Å"transient cavitation† (produce transient bubble) and â€Å"permanent cavitation† [21]. The life time of transient bubble is so short that no mass transport or diffusion of gas is possible with in a sample [21]. Transient bubble is believed to be produced at US intensity (10 W/cm2) and permanent bubble at intensity (1-3 Watt/cm2). Sonochemical effects are intense inside the bubble because energy (numerous amounts) is produced during bubble eruption and production [21]. 1.2.1.2 Chemical aspects of UAE: When US radiation strikes a water molecule it produces free radicals OH* and H* due to collapsing cavitations’ bubble which exhibits high temperature and pressure inside and also many other radicals can be produced in solution [21]. Radical OH* is believed to be more stable and can begin many new reactions while H* radical is not stable. Second Sonochemical effect is pyrolytic reactions that occur inside bubble and can degrade compounds under analysis [21, 23]. 1.3. Liquid Phase microExtraction(lpme): The application of membrane extractions in analytical chemistry has taken the intentions of analysts during recent time. The goal of utilizing membrane extraction is to achieve high enrichment, selective extraction and environmental friendly procedure [24]. Small quantity of solvent (usually in micro liters) is required comparative to old techniques of extractions (soxlet) [24]. Clean extracts are obtained and after extraction, recovered compounds are shifted to another analytical instrument like Gas chromatography or liquid chromatography directly for further quantitative analysis [24]. 1.3.1 Hollow fiber membrane extraction: Two types of membrane are used in LPME. One membrane is flat sheet porous and second membrane is polypropylene hollow fiber. In this project polypropylene hollow fiber is used as a membrane support in membrane extractions due to limited cost and to reduce carry over problems [24]. 1.3.1.1 HF-LPME Technique: When a hollow fiber is used in LPME, this technique (LPME) is called hollow fiber liquid phase micro extraction (HF- LPME). In HF- LPME technique, a hollow fiber is used containing a thin film of immobilized liquid membrane inside the pores while the fiber is dipped into an aqueous phase containing objective analytes. Target analytes can transport through the membrane into a liquid filled inside the lumen of the fiber, which is termed as accepter solution [22]. Extraction of target analytes (C3-C10) was carried through three phase HF- LPME during whole of the project. Donor solution was contained analytes in aqueous medium, a suitable organic solvent i.e. Dihexyl ether (TOPO mixture) was used in pores of hollow fiber as a stationary liquid membrane support (SLM). Accepter solution was in aqueous medium [22].Target analytes were recovered into accepter phase after evaporation of water. Acetonitrile solvent was added in dried GC vial along with derivatizing reagent. After derivatization these samples were injected into a Gas chromatographic system. 1.3.2 Basic Principle of LPME: Basic principle is same for all LPME techniques (two phase or three phase LPME), the variation is only from accepter region [24]. In three phase liquid phase micro extraction technique (HF- LPME) a donor aqueous solution is filled in a vial or flask containing sample analytes. A short piece of hollow fiber is used and accepter solution is injected inside fiber through a micro syringe after injecting accepter solution one end is closed and other end contains syringe needle. Fiber containing solutions is inserted in an appropriate organic solvent having less polarity (Dihexyl ether) to create a stationary liquid membrane (SLM). Donor solution pH is adjusted such that it can restrain the ionization of target analytes [22]. The process of three phase extraction [22] can be explained as follows in Eq 1.1. Where ‘A’ is a target analyte, ‘K1’, ‘K2’, ‘K3’ and ‘K4’ are first order extraction rate constants. In order to obtain combined distribution coefficient, at equilibrium recovery, Eq. 1.2 is derived [22]. D accepter/sample = C eq accepter / C eq sample = C Org sample/ C eq accepter =ÃŽ ± D .Korg/sample / ÃŽ ± a. Korg/accepter†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1.2 In Eq. 1.2, C eq accepter, C eq sample and C Org sample are the concentration of analytes at equilibrium, in accepter phase, in aqueous sample phase and in organic membrane phase respectively.Here Korg/sample, Korg/accepter are the partition ratio’s between Organic phase and sample phase and between accepter phase and organic phase respectively [22]. ÃŽ ± D and ÃŽ ± a are the extractable fraction of total concentration of target analyte in sample and accepter respectively. If conditions are similar between sample and accepter, other than ionization of analytes in sample phase, from Eq. 1.2, equilibrium is independent from partition ratio of stationary liquid membrane in three phase lpme i.e. it depends mainly on ionization of analytes in sample [22]. Extraction efficiency (E) can be calculated from Eq. 1.3[22]. V sample, V accepter and V mem , in Eq. 1.3, are the volume of donor sample phase, aqueous accepter phase and organic immobilized membrane liquid phase respectively. D accepter/sample and D Org/sample are individual distribution coefficients relative to accepter phase to sample phase and Organic phase (SLM) to sample phase respectively [22]. Eq. 1.3 is derived for three phase lpme. It is evident; from the interpretation of Eq. 1.3 that efficiency is mainly controlled by individual distribution coefficients. Individual distribution ratios are directly dependent on partition coefficients, so by increasing the partition ratios efficiency can be improved [22]. Partition coefficients can be improved by properly adjusting the pH of donor and accepter and by using an appropriate organic solvent. Volume of sample and organic phase should also be kept minimum, according to Eq. 1.3 in order to develop efficiency [22]. 1.3.3-Mass transfer in LPME: Enrichment factor (Ee) for three phase LPME is given in Eq. 1.4. Ee = C accepter/C initial = V sample. E / V accepter †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1.4 In Eq. 1.4, C accepter is the concentration of target analyte, present in final stage inside accepter solution [22]. When an acidic analyte is ionized in aqueous solution, total extractable fraction of analyte (ÃŽ ±) is given in Eq. 1.5 [24]. ÃŽ ± = [AH]/ [A-][AH] = 1/[1+10(pH-pKa)] †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1.5 In the context of Eq. 1.3, the overall distribution constant (D) at equilibrium can be rearranged as given in Eq. 1.5 [24]. D = 1+10 s (pH-pKa) . KD /1 + 10 s (pH-pKa). KA †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1.6 ‘s’ is equal to 1 for acidic analytes (Eq. 1.6). ‘pKa’ is dissociation constant and pH refers to donor or accepter solution(Eq. 1.6) [24]. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  C = ÃŽ ±D .Cs ÃŽ ±a CA.KA/KS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1.7 Eq. 1.5-1.7 are derived from Henderson-Hasselbalch relation, in this equation ÃŽ ± represents the extractable fraction of analytes [24]. The driving force for the extraction in neutral conditions of three phase LPME is the concentration gradient (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  C) from sample to accepter [12]. The concentration gradient between two phases, between donor and accepter, is described in Eq. 1.7. K represent partition ratio of uncharged analyte between the membrane and aqueous phase. CA and Cs are the concentrations of analytes in accepter and sample phase respectively. 1.3.4 End point for extraction: Three end points are normally considered for extraction [22]. 1. Exhaustive extraction. 2. Kinetic extraction. 3. Equilibrium extraction. 1.3.4.1 Exhaustive extraction: Exhaustive end point is the specific end point (time), when all amount of analytes are exhausted (which can be practically possible) present in donor [22]. In this practical diploma work, Exhaustive end point will be applied in (LPME) extractions. Enrichment factor will increase by growing analyte concentration in accepter by the passage of time, at certain point it reaches a stable value [12]. Mass transfer between organic phase and liquid phase is dependent on concentration gradient [12]. Enrichment factor can be improved by increasing the value of ÃŽ ±D preferably close to unity and decreasing the value of ÃŽ ±A to zero. Such conditions for the ÃŽ ±D and ÃŽ ±A values are called â€Å"infinite sink† conditions, normally required for exhaustive extractions [22]. Situation close to these values can be achieved for acids by selective tuning the pKa values. For example for acidic compound if pH of accepter is adjusted, 3.3 (pH) units above than the pKa of acidic analytes this Di fference set the value of ÃŽ ±A to 0.0005, at this point accepter can capture all analytes. At this set value (ÃŽ ±A), enrichment factor increases linearly with time [12]. Peak time of enrichment factor, when other parameters are constant, can be calculated by comparison of CA maximum. CA maximum (‘CA’ is considered as time dependent) can be obtained by careful calculation of CA maximum values at a certain time, before this value starts to decrease again [12]. 1.3.5 Rate of LPME: Two parameters, govern the rate of extraction (when extraction approaches to equilibrium conditions), are membrane controlled extractions or diffusion controlled extractions [13, 24]. The maximum concentration Ee can be obtained when concentration gradient (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  C) is approaches to zero described in Eq. 1.8 [13, 24]. Ee (max) = (C a / C d) max = ÃŽ ±D/ÃŽ ±A †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1.8 In membrane controlled extractions, the rate limiting step is the diffusion of target analytes. When analytes pass through the organic phase, the mass transfer (Km) is given in Eq. 1. 9 [13, 16]. Km  µ K.D m /h m †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1.9 In Eq. 1.9; K is partition coefficient, Dm is membrane diffusion coefficient and ‘h m ‘ is the thickness of membrane [13, 16]. 1.3.6 Addition of Trioctylphosphine oxide(TOPO): Mass transfer can be improved for acidic analytes by using different concentrations (w/v) of TOPO in organic solvent typically for short chain carboxylic acids. Interaction of TOPO with polar acids in solution takes place efficiently due to hydrogen bonding [16]. 1.3.7 Trapping of Analyte in Three phase lpme[24]: Concentration enrichment of analytes in three phase LPME can be achieved by stable mass transfer through the membrane to accepter phase. Back diffusion of analytes is prevented by trapping of analytes in accepter phase. In order to achieve high enrichment of acidic analytes pH of accepter phase is fixed enough basic so that when acidic analytes reached to the accepter solution becomes charged. Analytes could not be driven back to donor. So this trapping of analytes due to pH adjustment is called ‘’direct trapping’’. For high enrichment purpose, pH of accepter is usually adjusted 3.3 pH units higher than the pKa values of acidic target analytes while extracting from acidic donor. Buffer capacity of accepter should be sufficient such that during extraction protons from acidic donor cannot be neutralized by the concentration gradient between two aqueous phases during three phase lpme [24]. 1.3.8 Selection for Organic phase: Choice of organic solvent has basic importance in method validation because this solvent directly affect partition coefficient. Organic phase solvent should have low solubility in water [22] and low volatility to prevent solvent losses during extraction process [16]. Organic phase should have high distribution coefficient, between donor to organic phase and between organic to accepter phase, to achieve high enrichment. Organic phase should have adequate affinity to the hollow fiber. Organic phase should be immobilized sufficiently to cause efficient trapping of analytes in the pores through polarity matching [22]. Mixture of organic solvents can also be used as mobile phase [16]. In this project organic solvent is either pure DHE or DHE is also mixed with different amount of TOPO (section; 1.3.6) to achieve high stability of organic phase [22, 24]. 1.3.9 Agitation of sample: Extraction kinetics can be improved by agitation. Agitation increases analyte diffusion from donor to accepter. Organic membrane solution (DHE) is very stable inside pores of the membrane. Shaking by a magnetic stirrer helps analyte transfer from donor solution to the accepter solution [17]. When Donor solution containing analytes is stirred at high speed, probability of fresh solution contact with membrane phase is enhanced [9]. In order to enhance mass transfer all membrane extractions in this project are assisted through agitation by a magnetic stirrer. A membrane extraction assembly is shown in Fig. 1.13. 1.3.10Volume of donor and acceptor solutions. Volume of donor and accepter solution is very important because sensitivity can be improved by proper volume adjustment of accepter solution. Volume of accepter solution should be minimum comparative to donor to get better sensitivity [17]. Volume of accepter solution should be enough to be injected, detected and quantified by GC or HPLC. Volume of the accepter solution should be enough to fill lumen of hollow fiber appropriately [17]. 1.3.11 Adjustment of pH. Proper adjustment of pH of donor and accepter is very important because high partition ratio can be obtained in three phase lpme by proper adjustment of donor and accepter solution [17]. According to Eq. 1.7, Efficiency can be improved by increasing concentration gradient which depends mainly on pH. In this project three phase lpme is utilized on acidic analytes (C3-C9) containing carboxylic and hydroxyl groups so in donor solution pH is adjusted slightly lower than the pKa values of analytes to suppress ionization of these analytes [17]. 1.4. Detection and quantification of Analytes: 1.4.1-GC-MS analysis: GC-MS is a powerful detection technique for environmental trace analysis due to its high sensitivity [14]. Aerosols are existed in trace level so their detection requires a sensitive device with low limit of detection. GC-MS suffers less matrix effect and is usually cost effective and highly selective [14]. Analytes are separated according to their charge to mass (m/e) ratio after passing through mass spectrometer. Scan mode is used for identification of each analyte [14]. When gaseous analytes come to mass spectrometer they are converted to their respective molecular ions. Electron ionization in mass spectrometer strikes molecules to fragments [18]. These molecular ions are specific for each analyte and sensitivity and selectivity can be improved through selected ion chromatogram (SIM) [14]. Signal to noise ratio (SNR) is improved through extracted ion chromatogram (XIC) which is selected through SIM mode [14]. SIM mode is used for qualitative and quantitative analysis [14]. Analytes (C3-C10) are polar and non volatile, so these analytes cannot be detected in pure form and separated by using Gas chromatographic column. A derivatization step is necessary to convert Analyte into volatile substances. Derivatization is made to convert carboxylic and hydroxyl functional groups to their respective ester functional group [14]. 1.5. Derivatization: Two derivatization reagents; ‘’N, O-bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide’’ (BSTFA) and ‘’N-(tertbutyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide’’ (MSTFA) are commonly used for esterification of hydroxyl and carboxylic functional groups before injecting to GC-MS system[14]. Both derivatizing reagents are applied separately and compared prior to GC-MS analysis. 1.5.1- Silylation: Analytes containing carboxylic acids (C3-C10) are introduced to GC-MS after derivatization. Carboxylic acids are converted to their respective trimethyl silyl ester (TMS derivative) by BSTFA. A nucleuphilic attack is taken place by a hetero atom to silicon atom when BSTFA reagent is used as a derivatization reagent [14]. BSTFA is found very efficient to convert hydroxyl groups to respective Silyl ester [18]. Advantage with BSTFA is that its derivative can be injected directly without purification and it can be used for very sensitive detection [18]. BSTFA is non polar and its efficiency can be improved by using BSTFA in Acetonitrile [32]. Chemical structure of BSTFA is shown in Fig [1.14] below. Due to the use of BSTFA reagent in the reaction, a common peak is appeared at m/z= 73, due to [Si(CH3)3]+ molecular ion and at m/z=145 due to [OH=Si(CH3)2]+ molecular ion . when Analytes containing dicarboxylic acids are used for MS analysis, Ion peak is appeared at m/z=147. Ion peak at m/z=147 is appeared due to the [(CH3)2Si=Si(CH3)2]+ molecular ion [18]. 2. Method: 2.1 Membrane extraction: Three phase HF- LPME method is used for extraction. Section 2.1 describes the method for three phase hollow fiber liquid phase micro extraction technique. 2.1.1 Equipment and reagents for Membrane Extraction: Hollow fiber Accurel PP polypropylene (Q3/2) is purchased from Membrana (Wuppertal, Germany). The wall thickness of membrane is 200  µm, Inner diameter 600  µm and pore size is 0.2  µm. Before extraction a 7.5 cm membrane was cut carefully with a fine cutter. After cutting membrane was washed in acetone and dried overnight. A magnetic stirrer, containing multiple stations, model (Ika-werke, Germany) was used for agitation of donor solution. Micro Syringe 50  µl (Agilent, Australia) was used to push accepter solution inside the lumen of membrane and for holding of membrane. pH meter (Mettler Toledo) was used to measure pH for donor and accepter solution. Volumetric flask (Kebo, Germany) was used for extractions (contain donor solution). Milli-Q water was obtained from Millipore gradient system (Millipore, USA). Hydrochloric acid (37%, Fluka) and Sodium hydroxide monohydrate (Fluka) were used to prepare further solutions. Dihexyl ether (97%) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. TOPO (99%; Aldrich) was used to prepare solutions in DHE (%, w/v). 2.1.2Set up for Membrane Extraction: 2.1.2.1 Donor solution: The pH donor solution was adjusted to 2. All aqueous solutions were prepared in mill Q water and pH was adjusted by adding HCl (0.1M). All Samples were spiked in a dried 100 ml volumetric flask (Germany). This flask was then, filled up to mark with donor solution. Further 5 ml of donor solution was added in same flask in order to dip membrane inside donor solution. Total volume of donor solution was adjusted to 105 ml. A clean magnet was dropped in flask and then, this spiked solution inside the flask was allowed to stir for 30 minutes and at a fixed revolutions/min (800 rpm) of magnetic stirrer. 2.1.2.2 Accepter solution: Accepter solution was prepared in milli Q water and pH 12 was adjusted by Sodium hydroxide (0.5 M, 5 M). The accepter solution was injected inside lumen of dried membrane through a micro syringe. Specific amount of (24  µl) accepter solution was injected inside lumen of hollow fiber via a BD micro syringe. Specific volume (24  µl) of accepter solution was fixed after several adjustments, for best compatibility with a 7.5 cm hollow fiber, to achieve good repeatability and enrichment. 2.1.2.3 Membrane solvent: Membrane containing accepter solution was dipped for 15 s (Approximately) into the organic solvent (pure DHE or topo% solutions in DHE), to impregnate the fiber with organic solvent and to establish a membrane phase. The solvents, immobilized in the pores of hollow fiber were; pure DHE, 1% topo in DHE (w/v), 5% topo in DHE (w/v), 10% topo in DHE (w/v), 15% topo in DHE (w/v) and 19% topo in DHE (w/v). All solutions (topo in DHE) were prepared and mixed by manual shaking, although 15% topo in DHE and 19% topo in DHE solutions were prepared by vigorous shaking and were put inside sonicator for efficient mixing. 2.2. Sample preparations: All primary solutions were prepared in methanol. Primary solutions were prepared by transferring specific weight of analytes to a sample vial, having air tight caps. This solution was diluted with methanol to prepare a solution of concentration (100 ÃŽ ¼g/ml). Table 2.1 represents properties (physical, chemical) of analytes. A (abbreviation) name was given respective to TMS ester of each analyte, new name consists of three words only. Molecular weight (Mw), Molecular (Molec) formula, Source (chemicals were purchased from), pKa values of individual analytes (dissociates in water) and purity (as labeled on each chemical) of each analyte is listed in Table 2.1. Table. 2.1- Analytes source (purchased from)and purity. Sr. No Chemical name Abbreviation Mw Molec formula Purchased from pka. Values Purity (%) 1 Malonic Acid Mal 104.06 C3H4O4 Aldrich 2.83, 5.69 (36) 99 2 Succinic Acid Suc 118.09 C5H6O4 Fluka 4.19, 5.48 (36) 99.9 3 Glutaric Acid Glu 132.04 C5H8O4 Aldrich 4.34, 5.42 (36) 99 4 Adipic Acid Ad 146.14 C6H10O4 Fluka 4.34,5.44 (36) 99.5 5 Pimelic Acid Pim 160.17 C7H12O4 Aldrich 4.48, 5.42 (36) 98 6 Suberic Acid